Topic 1

• heart needed to pump/move blood around the body • many animals have a small surface area ratio to volume • a circulatory system is needed to overcome limitations of diffusion • blood needs to pump molecules around body

• blood flows twice through the heart for one circuit • blood goes through heart to lungs and rest of the body

• water is a solvent • water molecules surround ions • H bonds form between water and solute • water is liquid so has the ability to flow

• arteries have thick wall where as caps are one cell thin • arteries have lots of collegen where as caps have none • arteries have lots of muscle where as caps have none • arteries have lots if elastic tissue where as cap have none

• lots of collagen which provides strength to withstand pressure -muscle tissue allows contraction of lumber • elastic fibres stretch and recoil which allows lumen to grow and go back

• large lumen to reduce resistance to blood flow back to heart • valves prevent backflow of blood • thin layer of muscular tissue to maintain blood pressure • smooth endothelium to reduce resistance to blood flow

The cardiac cycle consists of three stages: atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole. During atrial systole, the atria contract forcing atrioventricular valves open and blood flows into ventricles During ventricular systole, ventricles contract, semi lunar valves open as oxygenated blood is forced out of the heart through the aorta to the body and through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Diastole - atria and ventricles relax, semi lunar valves close

• pressure changes are smaller in atrium than in ventricle • the atrium has less cardiac muscle than ventricle • the atrium does not have to use blood as far as ventricle has to • the increase in pressure happens in the atrium before ventricle -atrial systole has to happen before venatical system in order for the ventricle to fill with blood -therefore increasing the atrial pressures which increases pressure in ventricles

• damage to endothelial cells • inflammatory response • large white blood cells enter • build up of cholesterol • atheroma forms • Calcium salts and fibrous tissue present • elasticity reduced • artery narrows • blood pressure increases

-thromboplastin released which starts cascade - concerts prothrombin to thrombin - catalysed conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin - firin creates mesh fibres -platelets and blood cells get trapped in mesh -form a blood clot

• high salt intake • increases blood pressure • high blood pressure damages entholeoum • higher intake on saturated fats / LDLS increase risk f atheroma forming

-LDLs carry cholesterol in the blood -cholesterol is deposited to atheroma in the endothelium of artery

• high blood pressure damages endothelium of artery • this causes a inflammatory response • white blood cells and cholesterol accumulate • Atheroma forms -calcium slates and fibrous tissue build up -Plaque is formed

-narrowing of lumen in arteries - reduced blood flows and oxygen to cardiac muscles - reduces aerobic respiration

-energy intake higher than energy output -excess sugar can be stored as fat - leads to weight gain - obesity indicates by BMI above 30 or was it it hip ratio

• describe the procedure -record heartbreak before and after placing in decaf or reg • controlled variable for coffee • refinance to IV/DV • calculate mean etc

-amylose is unbranches and 1,4 glycosidic bonds -amylopectin branched and has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

• joined i condensation reaction • formed 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

• • polymer of glucose • provides glucose for respiration • branched - rapid hydrolysis -1,6 glucose bonds • compact it allow large amounts of energy to be stored in small place • insoluble - doesn’t effect osmosis

-both contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen - both contain glycosidic bonds -bonds contain glucose BUT -glycogen contains 1,4 and 1,6 where as disaccharide only have one type - glycogen only contains glucose where as disaccharides contain glucose and other monoscharrdis

-amylose - alpha glucose, 1,4 gb, spiral shaped, not branched and energy store in plants -amylopectin - alpha glucose, 1,4/1,6 gb , spiral shaped, is branched, energy store in plants -glycogen - alpha glucose, 1,4/1,6 , spiral ish , is branched, energy store in animals

• lower blood cholesterol • inhibition of cholesterol synthesise in liver • reduce risk of cvd

-prevent the formation of blood clot -reduces the stickiness of plates -clotting factors are not sythsies - risk of blood vessels is reduced

Internal bleeding Stomach uclers