Respiratory system

Breathing in

Breathing out

Gaseous exchange: pass through three cell layers called respiratory membrane

Ventilation: air in air out Profusion: saturation…more oxygen, more blood Diffusion: movement of oxygen to blood stream Circulation: conduct oxygen to cells lungs

Those processes by which air is breathed in, oxygen is extracted from the air by the blood and delivered to the tissues, and the carbon dioxide is delivered from the blood to the lungs and breathed out

The intracellular reaction of oxygen with organic molecules to produce carbon dioxide water and energy

Breathing controlled by the diaphragmatic and abdominal muscles Large animals…slower rate, deeper breaths

Breathing controlled by the intercoastal muscles Smaller animals rely on thoracic breathing Quick breaths..more frequent.

6o2 + c6H12o6 —> 6co2 + 6h2o + energy Nervous system…highest respiratory rate Bones…lowest respiratory rate

• Inspiration…change space, lower air moves in Contraction of diaphragmatic muscles Rotation of a asternal ribs and contraction of chest muscles Relaxation of smooth muscle around the terminal bronchioles and alveolar sacs • Expiration…muscles relax. Decrease space, pressure increases, gas moved out Mostly passive Contraction of internal intercostals which depress upper ribs

Always negative Formed by vacuum between visceral and pariental layers of pleura Values range from -5–12mm hg

Air pressure within air passageways- lung Intrapulmonic pressure= atmospheric pressure between breaths

Rate of respiration varies inversely with animal size Depth of breathing varies directly with animal size Slow deep breathing is more efficient

Eupnea: normal, quiet meaning Dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing..pneumonia Apnea: lack of breathing

Volume of air inspired and expired during normal respiration

Volume of air that can be inspired beyond that of normal inspiration

Volume of air that can be expired following a normal, quiet expiration

The amount of air remaining in the lung after a maximal expiratory effort

Tidal volume+inspiratory reserve volume+expiratory reserve volume+ residual volume

Three cell layers thick Consists of…capillary endorthelium Basement membrane Alveolar wall

Chemical that reduces surface tension Compliance: the ability of the lung to stretch Elasticity: return to normal Newborn respiratory distress syndrome

Increase in temperature Decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in surrounding tissue Increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood

Highest for nervous tissue and lowest for bone Uses most oxygen and generates most heat

Oxygen is carried by binding to hemoglobin, leaves because of pressure Iron can bind to carbon dioxide to oxygen molecules Some carbon dioxide dissolved in blood