3.1 INTRODUCTION + SEPARATING TECHNIQUES

• Creates no new substances • Are usually easy to reverse • Absorb or release small ammounts of energy

• Creates new substances • Usually difficult to reverse • Absorb or release large amounts of energy

Anhydrous Copper(II) Sulfate turns from white to blue

Pure water will boil at 100c

A substance containing one type of atom only

• High MP/BP • Electrical conductors • Malleable • Shiny

• Low MP/BP • Electrical insulators • Brittle • Dull

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen + Halogens

A substance containing more than one type of atom, chemically bonded together

A substance containing more than one type of atom not chemically bonded together

• Ammonium chloride forms as a white smoke towards the hydrogen chloride end • The hydrogen chloride molecules are heavier so diffuse slower compared to ammonia • Heating the tube will speed up the reaction but not change the results

The substance which is going to be dissolved

The liquid which is going to do the dissolving

The resulting mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent

A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved

A solid floating in a liquid because it cannot dissolve

A substance which can be dissolved

A substance which cannot be dissolved

• g / 100g solvent • You can use it as a ratio and scale it up and down

• Measures solubility compared to temperature • Below the line = soluble • On the line = saturated • Above line = insoluble

• Draw a line near the bottom of the paper in pencil - as it won’t dissolve in the solvent • Add spots of different dyes at regular intervals • Place paper in beaker of solvent - with solvent below pencil line, so inks don’t dissolve into solvent • Place lid on beaker - to stop solvent evaporating • Allow solvent to move up paper until it is just below the top • Take paper out and mark solvent front • Allow paper to dry

• Draw a base line in pencil at the bottom of the chromatography paper - so it doesn’t dissolve in solvent • Add spots of dye on line in different inks • Place paper in beaker of solvent - ensure below solvent line so it doesn’t dissolve into solvent • Place lid on beaker - to prevent solvent evaporating • Allow solvent to move up paper, until it is near the top • Take the paper out and mark solvent front • Allow paper to dry

They will move further up the paper

They will move further up the paper