P1: 3 Bonding
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What does ionic bonding involve?
Strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a lattice.
What does a single covalent bond contain?
A shared pair of electrons.
What do multiple covalent bonds contain?
Multiple shared pairs of electrons.
What does a co-ordinate (dative covalent) bond contain?
A shared pair of electrons with both electrons supplied by one atom.
What does metallic bonding involve?
Attraction between delocalised electrons and positive ions arranged in a lattice.
What are the four types of crystal structure?
Ionic. Metallic. Macromolecular (giant covalent). Molecular.
What are bonding and lone pairs of electrons?
Charge clouds that repel each other.
What do pairs of electrons in the outer shell do?
Arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimise repulsion.
What type of repulsion is greater in pairs of electrons?
Lone pair - lone pair. (greatest) Lone pair - bond pair. Bond pair - bond pair (weakest)
What is electronegativity?
The power of an atom to attract the pair of electrons in a covalent bond.
What produces a polar covalent bond?
The electron distribution in a covalent bond between elements with different electronegativities will be asymmetrical.
What shape and bond angle does 2 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs make?
Linear, 180
What shape and bond angle does 3 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs make?
Trigonal planar, 120
What shape and bond angle does 2 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair make?
Bent (V-shape), 118
What shape and bond angle does 4 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs make?
Tetrahedral, 109.5
What shape and bond angle does 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair make?
Trigonal pyramidal, 107
What shape and bond angle does 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs make?
Bent V-shape, 104.5
What shape and bond angle does 5 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs make?
Trigonal bipyramidal, 120 and 90
What shape and bond angle does 4 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair make?
Trigonal pyramidal, 119 and 89 Or See-saw, 119, 89
What shapes and bond angles does 3 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs make?
Trigonal planar, 120 Or T-shape, 89
What shape and bond angle does 6 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs make?
Octahedral, 90
What shape and bond angle does 5 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair make?
Square pyramid, 89
What shape and bond angle does 4 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs make?
Square planar, 90
What are the rules for working out the shape of molecules and ions?
• How many electrons are around the central atom? • Add 1 electron for each bond. • Add 1 electron for a negative charge, deduct 1 electron for a positive charge. • Divide total by 2 to give number of pairs. • How many bonding pairs and lone pairs? • Arrange electrons in space to minimise repulsion. • Treat double bonds as a single unit.