Elements of Life
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How did the structure of the atom develop over time?
First was plum pudding model Disproved by Geiger marsden Bohr model - protons, neutrons and electrons Evidence for shells - ionisation enthalpies and spectra
What reaction conditions are needed for fusion reaction?
High temperature and pressure
How do covalent bonds work?
There is a balance between repulsive forces between the nuclei and there is attractive forces between the nuclei and electrons
What is the bond angle of a tetrahedral molecule?
109.5
What is the bond angle of a pyramidal molecule with a lone pair?
107
What is the bond angle of a bent molecule with two lone pairs?
104.5
How do giant ionic compounds work?
Overall attraction in a lattice made of attraction beteeen I one of different charge shd repulsion of ions of the same charge
Explain the Trend in meltibg points in period 2 and 3
In period 2 meltibg point increases until carbon/silicon (increased delocalised electrons in metallics structure) then drops suddenly and decreases as molecules have less atoms so weaker intermolecular bonds
Negative ions with -1 charge
Nitrate no3 Hydroxide Hydrogencarbonate
Ions with -2 charge
Sulphate Carbonate
Ions with + charge
Ammonium
Ions with +2 charge
Copper Zinc Iron (ii)
Ion with +3 charge
Iron 3
What happens and what is the trend when group 2 metals react with water?
Form metal hydroxides and hydrgen Increasing reactivity down group as outer electrons are more easily lost
What hapens when group 2 metals react with oxygen?
For metal oxides
What is the trend in thermal stability of group 2 carbonates?
Increased stability down group The ions have lower charge density so less distortion
What is the trend in solubility of group 2 hydroxides?
Increase in solubility down the group
What is the trend in solubility of group 2 carbonates?
Decreases down group
Define ionisation ebthalpy?
The entgalpy needed to remove the 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous ions
What is the trend in ionisation enthalpues and why?
Increase across the period And decreases down group Atomic radius decreases Nuclear charge Increases Electron shielding
Solubility of nitrates?
Soluble
Sulfates are soluble except?
Barium Calcium Lead
Solubility of carbonates?
Insoluble except lithium potassium sodium and ammonium
Solubility of hydroxides?
Insoluble expect lithium sodium potassium strontium calcium barium and ammonium