chapter 6 M

The removal of metabolic waste products, substances present in excess and toxic compounds

Urine

Excess water, salts, and waste products

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra ( urinary system ) + skin, lungs, large intestine

The skin produces sweat which is a fluid that contains water salts and other molecules such as Urea

Lungs excrete carbon dioxide gas out of the body through exhaled air, the lungs also excrete water vapor

In the liver as a result of the deamination of excess amino acids

The cortex (outer region) , and medulla ( center) , and the renal pelvis( inner region)

Tubes that carry urine produced by the kidneys from the Reto pelvis to the urinary bladder

Nephrons are tiny pupils which are functional unit of the kidney where blood is filtered and urine is produced

Every nephron includes a cup shaped capsule called the renal capsule or the Bowmans capsule. it surrounds a tiny network of capillaries called a glomerulus. They both reside in the renal cortex. A tubule extends from the renal capsule and becomes convoluted in the renal cortex before running straight into the renal medulla where it forms a loop (the loop of Henley) and returns towards the renal cortex. then this tubal forms another region of convolutions before returning to the renal medulla through a duct (the collecting duct) then moving to the renal pelvis.

Tubes that carry urine produced by the kidneys from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder, these tubes contain layers of smooth muscle to help propel you run away from the kidneys and toward the urinary bladder

Blood filtration in the glomerulus and the reabsorption of useful molecules in the convoluted tables

Important for preventing the loss of substances needed by the body in urine. during reabsorption these substances are brought back from the filtrate into the bloodstream stream

Only some valuable components of the filtrate are brought back into the blood. it occurs in the convoluted tubules

Do urinary bladder stores that you are in temporarily and then discharges it into the urethra to be released from the body

Kidney dialysis Using a kidney machine and kidney transplant

Kidney dialysis is the process by which urea, excess salts, excess water, and other substances are removed from the blood of a patient suffering from kidney failure using a special machine called a dialysis unit or a kidney machine. dialysis works on the principle of diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane

A dialysis or kidney machine consists of a length of second selectively permeable tubing through which the persons blood is pumped. the tubing is made of cellulose with small pores allowing small molecules to pass by diffusion. the tubing is long and narrow to provide a large surface area for adequate diffusion.

Blood cells and proteins are too large but urea , glucose , salts and some unwanted substances are small enough to pass through the dialysis tubing 

A patient may receive a kidney from a previously healthy individual who died suddenly in an accident or from a living donor since it is possible to remain healthy with just one kidney

Kidney rejection occurs when the recipients immune system recognizes the antigens present on the surface of the transplanted kidney cells as foreign and launches an immune response against them, destroying the transplanted kidney. Complications can be minimized by taking immuno suppressant drugs Which must be taken daily for the rest of the patient’s life. The chance of kidney rejection can also be reduced by treating a daughter who is a relative of the recipient.

An advantage of receiving a kidney transplant is that a successful transplant will spare patients the regular visits to the hospital for dialysis treatments. Even though kidney transplants may be costly such a procedure is less expensive than a lifetime of kidney dialysis treatments.