LECTURE 3

the stage where cell spend most of its time where it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for the cell division

____ the stage where cell divides; • depends on the type of cell - either ____ for somatic cells or ____ for sex cells

• cell division that occurs in somatic/body cells • cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells • essential for our body’s growth, development, and repair

(4) Cell division of Mitosis

CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS • thickening and coiling of the chromosomes • shrinking and eventually disappearance of the nucleolus

CELL DIVISION; MITOSIS • chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, also called ______

CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS • each chromatid pair separates into two identical chromosomes • chromosomes were pulled to opposite ends of the cell by the spindle fibres.

CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS • chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle breaks down, and the nuclear membranes and nucleoli re-form

CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS • Nuclear envelope starts to emerge, surrounding chromosomes and formation of cleavage furrow • The end of the process results to two daughter cells

cell division that occurs in sex cells/gametes • cell divides into four unique haploid daughter cells • essential for sexual reproduction Cell Division: Meiosis ⚬ Meiosis I

• also called as ___Division • separation of homologous chromosomes • produces ____ (n) cells

• The nuclear envelope breaks down. • The ___ condenses into chromosomes • Homologous chromosomes come together to form ____ • “_____“occurs, which creates genetic variation

• Bivalents align at the equatorial plane (____)

• homologous chromosomes separate from each other

• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear forming ___ haploid daughter ____ • Cytokinesis may then follow. In some, no ____ takes place after meiosis I.

• also called as ____ Division • Sister chromatids separates • produces ___ unique haploid daughter cells • almost similar to Mitosis

• separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment • consists of a lipid bilayer that is ____ • controls everything that enters and leaves the cell Plasma Membrane ⚬ ___Transport ⚬ ___ Transport

____ • substances cross the plasma membrane Without _____ from the cell • from an area with ___ concentration to an area with ____ concentration ⚬ solution = water + other substances ￭ water is the ___ ￭ dissolved substance is the ___ • ____= more particles of a solute • ____ diffusion • ____

____ • defined as the net movement of particles from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration • due to the presence of ____ ⚬ unequal distribution of molecules • once balanced, ____ exists

____ • defined as the net movement of particles from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration • due to the presence of ____ ⚬ unequal distribution of molecules • once balanced, ____ exists

____ • the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration • water movement based on ___ ⚬ ____ solution ⚬ ____solution ⚬ ____ solution

PASSIVE TRANSPORT: OSMOSIS • ____ solution (hyper = _____) • The concentration of solute in the solution can be ___ than the concentration of solute in the ___ • The net flow or water will be ___ of the cell

PASSIVE TRANSPORT: OSMOSIS • ___ Solution (iso = ____) • The concentration of solute in the solution can be ____ to the concentration of solute in cells • The amount of water entering the cell is the ____ as the amount leaving the cell

• ___ solution (___ = ___ normal) • The concentration of solute in the solution can be less than the concentration of solute in the cells • The net flow of water will be ___ the cell