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5.4.2 adrenal glands

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Total cards: 18•Content version: v4•Public deck•Updated: 8/1/2026

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#1
Front (Question)

adrenal cortex

Back (Answer)

outer layer of adrenal gland

#2
Front (Question)

adrenal gland

Back (Answer)

one of pair of glands lying above kidneys, which release adrenaline & number of other hormones known as corticoids (corticosteroids) eg. aldosterone

#3
Front (Question)

adrenaline

Back (Answer)

hormone released from adrenal glands, which stimulates body to prepare for fight or flight

#4
Front (Question)

adrenal medulla

Back (Answer)

inner layer of adrenal gland

#5
Front (Question)

where are adrenal glands found

Back (Answer)

anterior to kidneys

#6
Front (Question)

what are adrenal glands divided into

Back (Answer)

• outer adrenal cortex • inner adrenal medulla

#7
Front (Question)

3 layers of adrenal cortex

Back (Answer)

• zona glomerulosa • zona fasciculata • zona reticularis

#8
Front (Question)

describe the zona glomerulosa

Back (Answer)

• outermost layer • secretes mineralocorticoids eg. aldosterone

#9
Front (Question)

describe the zona fasciculata

Back (Answer)

• middle layer • secretes glucocorticoids eg. cortisol

#10
Front (Question)

describe the zona reticularis

Back (Answer)

• innermost layer • secretes precursor molecules used to make sex hormones

#11
Front (Question)

what does adrenal medulla secrete

Back (Answer)

adrenaline & noradrenaline

#12
Front (Question)

action of steroid hormones

Back (Answer)

• steroid hormone passes through cell surface membrane of target cell • steroid hormone binds to specific receptor (complementary shape) in cytoplasm • receptor-steroid hormone complex enters nucleus of target cell & binds to another specific receptor on chromosomal material • binding stimulates production of mRNA, which codes for production of proteins

#13
Front (Question)

name some hormones produced by adrenal cortex

Back (Answer)

• mineralocorticoids • glucocorticoids • cortisol

#14
Front (Question)

describe role of mineralocorticoids in body eg. aldosterone

Back (Answer)

eg. aldosterone - from zona glomerulosa - help control conc. of sodium & potassium in blood - help maintain blood pressure - aldosterone = acts on cells of distal tubules & collecting ducts in kidney which increases absorption of sodium ions, decreases absorption of potassium ions & increases water retention (increasing BP)

#15
Front (Question)

describe role of glucocorticoids in body eg. cortisol

Back (Answer)

eg. cortisol - from zona fasciculata - help control metabolism of carbs, fats & proteins in liver - cortisol released in response to stress/result of low blood glucose conc. & stimulates production of glucose from stored compounds (eg. glycogen, fats & proteins) in liver

#16
Front (Question)

describe role of cortisol in body

Back (Answer)

• from zona reticularis • if correct enzymes aren’t present for release, the zona reticularis releases precursor androgens into blood = taken up by ovaries/testes & converted to sex hormones • sex hormones help development of secondary sexual characteristics & regulate production of gametes

#17
Front (Question)

describe adrenaline

Back (Answer)

• polar molecule derived from tyrosine (amino acid) • can’t enter cells via plasma membrane • must be detected by specialised receptors on plasma membrane of target cells • many cells/tissues have adrenaline receptors = effects of adrenaline widespread

#18
Front (Question)

examples of effects of adrenaline on body

Back (Answer)

• relaxing smooth muscle in bronchioles • increase stroke volume of heart • increase heart rate • general vasoconstriction = raise blood pressure • stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose • dilate pupils • increase mental awareness • inhibiting action of gut • body hair stand erect