Structure of eukaryotic cells

Is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. It controls the entry and exit of material in and out of the nucleus and contains the reactions taking place within it.

Allow the passage of large molecules such as messengers RNA out of the nucleus

Is a small spherical region within the nucleoplasm. It manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes

The site of aerobic stages of respiration (ATP) which is made up of a double membrane which controls the entry and exit of materials

Are extensions of the inner membrane which in some species extend across the whole width of the mitochondrion. These provide a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes

Makes up the remainder of the mitochondrion. It contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA that allows the mitochondrion to control the production of their own proteins.

Stacks of up to 100 disc-like structures called thylakoids, within the thylakoids is the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. This is where the first stage of photosynthesis occurs

A fluid-filled matrix where the second stage of photosynthesis takes place

responsible for transporting, modifying and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

-add carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins -produce secretory enzymes, such as those secreted by the pancreas -secrete carbohydrates such as those used in the making cell walls in plants -transport, modify nba dpackage lipids -form lysosomes

Are formed when the vesicles produced by the golgi apparatus contain enzymes such as protease and lipase. They also contain lysozymes enzymes that hydrolyse the cell wall of certain bacteria.

Has ribosomes present on the outer surfaces of the membranes - Provides a large surface area for the synthesise of proteins and glycoproteins - Provide a pathway for the transport of materials, especially proteins throughout the cell

Lacks ribosomes on its surface - synthesises, stores and transports lipids - synthesises, stores and transports carbohydrates

Small cytoplasmic granules, 80s found in eukaryotic cells, occur in vast numbers (Cytoplasm) -site of protein synthesis

-Characteristic of plant cells Consists of microfibrils of polysaccharide cellulose, embedded in matrix. -microfibrils have considerable strength so contribute to the overall strength of the cell wall

a specialised cell have a specific feature to carry out a particular role

The process of when unspecialised cells (stem cells) turn into specialised cells

Many identical specialised cells come together to perform a specific function

A group of tissues that are coordinated to perform a function

A group of organs that perform a particular function more efficiently

Organisms that are made up of multiple cells

are larger and have a nucleus bounded by nuclear membranes

Found in the cell wall of fungi

A protein that provides structural support for each chromosome