chapter 28 synthesis

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Total cards: 24•Content version: v4•Public deck•Updated: 8/1/2026

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Front (Question)

how to increase carbon chain length (nitrile) ? aliphatic

Back (Answer)

• Haloalkanes or carbonyls • carbonyl + NaCN + H2SO4 (rather than HCN due to it being safer + increased rate) - nucleophillic addition • Haloalkane + NACN + ethanol - nucleophilic substititution

Front (Question)

how to increase carbon chain length (benzene) aromatic

Back (Answer)

• alkylation - alkyl group from haloalkane to benzene ring, AlCl3 catalyst needed • acyation - benzene reacts with acyl chloride with AlCl3 catalyst to form a ketone

Front (Question)

how to get from alkane to haloalkane ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• halogen + UV

Front (Question)

how to get from alkene to alkane ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• H2 + Ni catalysst

Front (Question)

how to get from alkene to haloalkane ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• Hydrogen halide

Front (Question)

how to get from alkene to alcohol ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• H2O (steam) + H3PO4 catalyst

Front (Question)

how to get from alcohol to alkene ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• H3PO4 OR H2SO4 under reflux

Front (Question)

how to get from primary alcohol to aldehyde ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• K2Cr2O7 with H2SO4 catalyst while distilling product • forms aldehyde and H2O

Front (Question)

how to get from primary alcohol to Carboxylic acid ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• K2Cr2O7 with H2SO4 catalyst under reflux • forms CA and H2O

#10

Front (Question)

how to get from secondary alcohol to Ketone ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• K2Cr2O7 with H2SO4 catalyst under reflux

#11

Front (Question)

how to get from alcohol to ester ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• carboxylic acid / acid anhydride + conc H2SO4 catalyst

#12

Front (Question)

how to get from alcohol to Haloalkane ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• sodium halide + H2SO4 catalyst

#13

Front (Question)

how to get from Haloalkane to alcohol ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• NaOH (aq)

#14

Front (Question)

how to get from Haloalkane to Nitrile ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• CN- + ethanol

#15

Front (Question)

how to get from Haloalkane to amine ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• NH3 + ethanol

#16

Front (Question)

how to get from nitrile to amine ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• H2 + Ni catalyst

#17

Front (Question)

how to get from nitrile to carboxylic acid ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• H2O + HCl + heat under reflux

#18

Front (Question)

how to get from ketone to hydroxynitrile ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• NaCN(aq) under acid conditions

#19

Front (Question)

how to get from aldehyde to hydroxynitrile ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• NaCN(aq) under acid conditions

#20

Front (Question)

how to get from carboxylic acid to ester ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• alcohol + conc H2SO4

#21

Front (Question)

how to get from carboxylic acid to Acyl chloride ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• SOCl2

#22

Front (Question)

how to get from ester to carboxylate ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• OH- + heat reflux

#23

Front (Question)

how to get from acyl chloride to amide ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• NH3 / Primary amide / secondary amide

#24

Front (Question)

how to get from benzene to nitrobenzene ? conditions + reagents

Back (Answer)

• conc HNO3 + conc H2S04