Unit 3 Topic 5

An addition reaction is when two reactant molecules join to form one product

A substitution reaction is when one or more atoms are substituted between molecules

An elimination reaction is when one or more atoms are removed from a molecule, this leaves at least two products

A condensation reaction is when two molecules join together, with the loss of a small molecule (usually water)

A hydrolysis reaction is when water is used to split a large molecule into two. The H attaches to one part, the OH attaches to the other. This leaves two new smaller molecules

An oxidation reaction is when the oxygen to hydrogen ratio of an organic molecule increases NOTE: More oxygen/less hydrogen per molecule

A reduction reaction is when the oxygen to hydrogen ratio of an organic molecule decreases 1. NOTE: Less oxygen/more hydrogen per molecule

A neutralisation reaction is when an organic acid is neutralised, producing salt and water. If the base is a carbonate, carbon dioxide will also be produced

Bond fission is when bonds in reactant molecules are broken

Bond formation is when new bonds are formed in products

Homolytic bond fission is when a sigma bond is broken evenly so each atom retains one electron from the bond. This happens in a non-polar bond and two neutral radicals are formed

A free radical is an atom/molecule that contains an unpaired electron. It has no overall charge as its proton num = electron num

A neutral radical is a highly reactive radical, it will react with any atom with an unpaired electron. It will also attack another molecule in order to pull an electron from it

A propogation reaction is a reaction which keeps a chain reaction going

A termination reaction is a reaction that removes free radicals from the system without replacing them, this brings the chain reaction to an end

Heterolytic bond fissioon occurs when a polar covalent bond is broken unevenly, so both electrons from the sigma covalent bond are retained by the more electronegative atom. Resulting in two oppositely charged ions

A single headed arrow shows the movement of a single electron

A double headed arrow shows the movement of a pair of electrons

A nucleophile is a chemical species that is either neutral with an area of high electron density or negatively charged. They are attracted to partially/fully positive atoms/ions and can donate a pair of electrons to form a dative bond.

An electrophile is either a positive ion, or a neutral molecule that is deficient in electrons. They are attracted to partially/fully negative atoms/ions and can accept an electron to forma dative bond

A leaving group is a fragment of a molecule that leaves with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond fission

The addition of bromine water tests for the presence of an alkene, as a double carbon to carbon bond decolourises bromine water

A halide ion can be identified by reacting with silver nitrate solution. A precipitate of the silver halide will form and a colour will be observed NOTE: The colour depends on the precipitate formed

An Sn1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction involving one species in the rate determining step and occuring in at least two steps NOTE: 1 refers to num species, not num steps