Final Review

religion, press, speech, assembly, petition, government

under what circumstances limits can be placed on 1st amendment

fee that one must pay in order to be allowed to vote

permitted a man to vote if his grandfather could vote prior to the civil war, racially restrictive provision put in place by mostly southern states

laws passed by souther states after Reconstruction, enforcing segregation

Title II- ended segregation in public accommodations VI- termination of federal aid to any program not ending segregation VII- banned discrimination in employment All enforced by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

past partly in sympathy of the death of MLK Jr. -extending anti-discrimination to the area of housing

racial segregation that is legally sanctioned

racial segregation that occurs as a result of decisions by private individuals

supreme court case that declared racial segregation in schools unconstitutional -among the most significant decisions the supreme court has made

court decision declaring that separate but equal was constitutional Plessy was 1/8th black and challenged laws of passenger cars

• no state religions • state may not aid one religion over another • broadly read: no state involvement in any religious association

governments actions must have a secular legislative purpose • most not have the purpose of advancing or prohibiting religion • must not result in excessive entanglement with religion

6th amendment issue, the right to a fair impartial trial with jury by peers

protects individuals from tortured or coerced confessions by saying that person cannot be forced to testify against themselves -“miranda” rights

principle endorsed by the Supreme court that some words constitute violent acts and are not protected under the 1st amendment

established judicial review; the constitution is supreme law and binds all of the branches -establishes a government with limited power

any time a court overturns an established law or policy

courts that try and resolve only those cases being heard for the first time

courts that review the decision of lower courts to determine if constitutionality or statutory principles and procedures were correctly interpreted and followed

chief justice john roberts stephen breyer Ruth Bader Ginsburg Anthony M. Kennedy Sonia Sotomayer Antonin Scalia David Souter Elena Kagan Clarence Thomas

written or assigned by chief justice if voting with majority, otherwise written by most senior justice voting with majority

written by any justice who agrees with the decision but disagrees with the majority

• U.S. District courts 2. U.S. Circuit court of appeals 3. Supreme Courts • U.S. Court of claims 2. U.S. courts of international trade