Topic 4.1

Geographic: physical distance Ecological: different environments (tree, grass) Temporal: e.g. weather Behavioural: e.g. mating calls Mechanical: physically cannot mate Gametic: gametes are not compatible

Infertile offspring Unviable zygote

Use combination of different modes of nutrition

Algae: euglena sp. - will photosynthesize in sufficient light - can ingest food particles by phagocytosis Venus flytrap (Dionaea muxipula) - can photosynthesize - traps and digests insects and spiders (to compensate for nutrient poor soil of subtropical wetlands)

Group of organisms of the same species in the same area at the same time

• consumers • herbivores • omnivores • carnivores • scavenger

• Feed on anything alive or dead • can be unicellular or multicellular: Uni: ingest via endocytosis, digest in vacuole Multi: ingest via mouth, digest in digestive system Categorized by tropic groups: primary, secondary, etc.

Consumes producers

Consumes both producers and consumers

Feed on other consumers

Feed on mostly dead + decaying animals

Obtain organic nutrients from feeding on non-living organic sources such as detritus and humus Humus: decaying leaf litter mixed w/ soil Detritus: dead, particulate organic matter (decaying matter and fecal matter)

Live on non-living organic matter. Secrete digestive enzymes on to organic matter and absorb nutrients of digestion (Also known as decomposers)

Species found in same habitat

Species occur separately in differing habitats, are in competition and cannot be in the same area

Species occur as frequently apart as together