Ch 18 - (Introduction to Organic Chemistry)
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What is organic chemistry the study of?
scientific study of structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds.
What do organic compounds contain?
Carbon
What are not included in organic compounds?
• Metal carbonates • carbon dioxide • carbon monoxide
What is hydrogen carbon?
A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
What are the ways in which organic compound can be displayed?
• Displayed formula • General Formula • Structural formula
What does displayed formula show?
spatial arrangement of all atoms and bonds in a molecule.
What is shown in structural formulas?
• Important bonds are shown (Double n tripple bonds) • identical groups can be bracketed together • side groups are shown using brackets
What are structural isomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
What is molecular formula?
actual number of atoms of each element
What is a homologous series?
Family of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties due to the same functional group.
What is a functional group?
Group of atoms which are bonded in a specific arrangement that is responsible for the characteristic reaction of each member of a homologous series.
What are the families?
• Alkane • Alkene • Alcohol • Carboxylic acid • Ester
What are the functional groups of families?
• Alkane (C - C) • Alkene (C = C) • Alcohol ( - OH) • Carboxylic acid ( - COOH) • Ester (-COO-)
What do the name ends for families?
• Alkane ( -ane) • Alkene ( - ene) • Alcohol ( - ol) • Carboxylic acid ( - anoic acid) • Ester ( - yl -anoate)
What does the general formula tell us?
Composition of any member of a whole homologous series or organic compound
What is the general formula used to work out?
Formula of a compound from different homologous series if the number of carbon atoms present is known
What is the general formula of homologous series?
• Alkane (CnH2n+2) • Alkene (CnH2n) • Alcohol (CnH2n+1OH) • Carboxylic acid (Cn2n+1COOH)
What are general characteristics of homologous series?
• same general formula • same functional group • similar chemical properties • graduation in their physical properties (MP and BP) • difference in molecular formula
What is a saturated compound?
Have molecules in which all carbon bonds are single bonds. Ex - alkanes (CnH2n+2)
What are unsaturated compounds?
Consist of a molecule in which one or more carbon - carbon bonds are not single bonds Ex - alkenes (CnH2n)
What do unsaturated compounds contain?
Carbon - carbon double bonds (C = C)
What does double carbon atom bonds mean?
They can make more bonds of atoms by opening up the double C bond, allowing other incoming atoms to form another single bond with each carbon atom
What are the 2 parts to naming an organic compound?
• the prefix (or stem) • end part (or suffix)
What does the prefix tell us in the organic compound?
how many carbon atoms are present in the longest continuous chain in the compound.