16.2 Synthetic Routes
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How do you get from an ALKENE ⟶ HALOALKANE?
+ hydrogen halide
How do you get from an ALKENE ⟶ ALKANE?
+ H2, hydrogenation nickel catalyst, 423K
How do you get from an ALKENE ⟶ ALCOHOL?
+ H2O(g), hydration H3PO4 phosphoric acid catalyst
What are the reactions of alkenes?
Hydrogenation ⟶ alkane Hydration ⟶ alcohol + Halogen halide ⟶ haloalkane Halogenation ⟶ haloalkane
How do you get from a HALOALKANE ⟶ ALCOHOL?
+ NaOH(aq) reflux (nucleophilic substitution)
How do you get from an ALCOHOL ⟶ HALOALKANE?
+ sodium halide H2SO4, sulfuric acid catalyst (turns :OH- into H2O to prevent it from substituting Br)
How do you get from an ALKANE ⟶ HALOALKANE?
+ Halogen UV light initiates
How do you get from an primary ALCOHOL ⟶ ALDEHYDE?
+ acidified potassium dichromate ions (donates [O], oxidation) distil, excess alcohol
How do you get from a primary ALCOHOL ⟶ CARBOXYLIC ACID?
+ acidified potassium dichromate ions (donates 2[O], oxidation) reflux, excess oxidising agent
How do you get from a SECONDARY ALCOHOL ⟶ KETONE?
+ acidified potassium dichromate (donates [O], oxidation) reflux
How do you get from an ALCOHOL ⟶ ALKENE?
dehydration acid catalyst (H3PO4 or H2SO4)
How do you get from a KETONE ⟶ SECONDARY ALCOHOL?
+ NaBH4 (acts as reducing agent)
How do you get from a CARBOXYLIC ACID ⟶ ACYL CHLORIDE?
+ SOCl2, thionyl chloride
How do you get from ACYL CHLORIDE ⟶ CARBOXYLIC ACID?
+ H2O
How do you get from CARBOXYLIC ACID ⟶ ESTER?
+ Alcohol concentrated H2SO4 (to break covalent bonds)
How do you get from KETONE ⟶ HYDROXYNITRILE?
+ NaCN/H+
How do you get from ALCOHOL ⟶ ESTER?
+ carboxylic acid H2SO4 catalyst OR + acid anhydride