Pharmaceutcal Synthesis
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How do you form an alcohol?
A halogenoalkane with NaOH/H2O under reflux. Reduce a ketone or aldehyde with NaBH4. Ketone –> secondary Aldehyde –> primary. (Warm together)
How do you form a primary aliphatic amine? -NH2 Eg propyl amine
Halogenoalkane + excess NH3 and an ethanol solvent. 1-chloropropane + NH3 —> Propyl amine + HCl
How do you form a ketone?
Oxidise a secondary alcohol with K2Cr2O7/H+ Forms H2O as a bi product.
How do you form an aldehyde?
Oxidise a primary alcohol with K2Cr2O7/H+ Also forms H2O as a bi product.
How do you form a carboxylic acid?
Oxidise an aldehyde with K2Cr2O7/H+
How do you form an ester?
React a carboxylic acid and an alcohol together with a H2SO4 catalyst under reflux.
How do you make chlorobenzene or Bromobenzene? Catalyst equation?
Benzene + Br2 Fe/AlBr3 + Cl2 Fe/AlCl3 Also creates HCl or HBr Br2 + FeBr3 —> Br+ + FeBr4- H+ + FeBr4- —> FeBr3 + HBr
How do you make nitrobenzene?
Benzene Conc HNO3 Conc H2SO4 50* Also creates H2O
How is H2SO4 used as a catalyst to make nitrobenzene?
HNO3 + H2SO4 —> NO2+ + HSO4- + H2O H+ + HSO4- —> H2SO4
How do you make phenyl amine?
Nitrobenzene + 6 [H] —> Phenyl amine + 2H2O Sn/conc HCl are the reducing agent. Reflux.
How do you make benzenediazonium chloride?
Phenyl amine + HNO2 + 2HCl —> Benzenediazonium chloride + 2H2O HNO2 + NaCl
How do you form an azo dye?
Benzenediazonium chloride + phenol + NaOH —> Azo dye Alkaline conditions
How do you form an amine without producing the further substitution? Eg make 3-aminopropan-1-ol
Excess NH3 ethanol solvent under reflux. 3-chloropropan-1-ol + 2NH3 —> 3-aminopropan-1-ol + NH4Cl
How do you separate from forming an aldehyde or carboxylic acid when using a primary alcohol?
Distil the aldehyde from the reaction mixture as it forms, this prevents it being oxidised further to a carboxylic acid. When making a carboxylic acid you heat the reaction mixture under reflux before distilling the product off.