L2 - what is a medicine
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overview of learning objectives
• drug delivery & absorption • drugs, medicines, dosage forms & drug delivery systems • medicines development pipeline • role of science in medicines • biopharmaceutics • pharmacokinetics • pharmacodynamics • ADME • plasma conc of drug vs time profiles • how pharmaceutical sciences allow right medicine to be given to right patient at right dose at right time
what is drug absorption?
uptake of NON-metabolised drug, after it is released from its formulation, from the site of delivery to the systematic circulation
routes of delivery
• oral • injections • topical • transdermal • pulmonary • nasal • buccal • sublingual • ocular • otic • rectal • vaginal
types of injections
intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous (into fatty tissue under skin), intradermal (into the layers of the skin)
what is topical and transdermal?
topical - creams + ointments to skin transdermal - drugs across the skin to systemic circulation (e.g patches)
what is pulmonary?
inhalation into lungs (inhalers)
what is buccal and sublingual?
buccal - cheeks sublingual - under the tongue
what is ocular and otic?
ocular - eye otic - ear
what does drug delivery involve
drug has to cross a biological barrier
what route of delivery does not have an absorption process?
IV administration
define biopharmaceutics
getting the right DRUG to the right PLACE at the right DOSE at the right RATE. this optimises drug delivery. so it tries to maximises biological effect by taking into account physicochemical properties of the drug, physical properties of delivery ssytem + physiological propeties of delivery route
what does ADME stand for?
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
what is a drug?
the active pharmaceutical ingredient - chemical in medicine responsible for therapeutic effect
what is a medicine?
the API + the excipients
what is a dosage form?
physical form (solid, semi-solid, liquids, gases) in which medicine is produced and administered. it will include the drug + excipients that help deliver the medication effectively
examples of dosage forms
• tablets • capsules • liquids • topicals • inhalers
what is a tablet?
solid form that is swallowed
what is a capsule?
containers (usually gelatin) with medicine inside
what are liquids?
solutions, suspensions or emulsions taken orally or injected
3 things you must consider in the design of a dosage form
• physicochemical properties of the drug • biopharmaceutical considerations, e.g how administration route effects rate + extent of absorption into systemic circulation • therapeutic considerations of the disease state + the patient so you can find out best dosage form, route of administration, duration of action + dose frequency
time of onset of action of intravenous injections
seconds
time of onset of action of intramuscular + subcutaneous injections, buccal tablets, areosols, gases
minutes
time of onset of action of short term depot injections, solutions, suspensions, powders, granules, capsules, tablets, modified release tablets
minutes to hours
time of onset of action of enteric coated formualtions
several hours