emotions

true, this aspect of emotions is processed in the cerebral cortex (abstract).

true, this aspect of emotions is processed in the limbic system. A functional amygdala is needed to feel most forms of fear. (objective feeling, no control)

true, babies as young as 36 hours display universal facial expressions.

false, their visual association isn’t very good

Many animals broadcast their emotions with changes in posture, facial expressions, and nonverbal sounds (such as sighs, moans, and growls). Facial expressions of emotion are often reduced when people are alone.

fear, anger, surprise, disgusted, sad, and happy.

yes, recognizing emotions through facial expressions is generally automatic, rapid, and fairly accurate. People tend to show very little improvement when given additional time to think about the emotion conveyed by a facial expression.

true, in social situations, most people can identify the emotions of others in an automatic, easy, straightforward manner. But this skill does not come naturally to everyone, which can make it a source frustration. It is obviously helpful to be able to intuit the emotions of others. An inability to recognize emotions in others is often mistaken as a lack of interest or a conscious disregard for other people. Just because a skill doesn’t come naturally to someone doesn’t mean they don’t care about it. They often care about it more than other people because they actively struggle with the activity, unlike everyone else. It is something they have to work at, which can be very frustrating.

false, to some extent, the ability to display emotions and recognize them in others transcends cultural and linguistic barriers. * There were no differences in the display of emotional facial expressions between congenitally blind, non-congenitally blind, and sighted athletes after winning and losing games. * Also, an isolated tribe in New Guinea had no trouble recognizing emotional expressions in westerners, and westerners had no trouble recognizing emotional expressions in them.

true, this is why actors often try to experience real emotions on set, rather than faking them.

a condition where people cannot voluntarily control their facial muscles (due to damage in or around primary motor cortex), but they can still express genuine emotions, even when the same muscles are involved. cant fake an emotion, it has to be triggered naturally.

a condition where people do not show automatic facial expressions of emotion, but they have no trouble voluntarily moving facial muscles. This is often seen in Parkinson’s Disease, where there is degeneration of subcortical structures. can fake an emotion, but when there is the actual emotion it doesn’t look like it.

Monkeys react to candy placed next to a snake, spider, or neutral object. Researchers assess their fear by measuring time to food-retrieval, among other variables.

• Behavioral responses consists of muscular movements (facial expressions, choreographed movements, body language). • Autonomic responses (signaling through peripheral nervous system) facilitate fight or flight behaviors and provide quick mobilization of energy for vigorous movement. • Hormonal responses (signaling through blood) reinforce the autonomic responses.

1- they look like us, we came from the same evolutionary tree, so they have the same experiences when feeling emotions. the people who think this say the other camp is endorsing in anthropectomy: denial that animals exhibit humanlike characteristics. 2- they can’t speak so we dont know what they feel like. The range of human emotions (our subjective feelings) relates to our capacity to conceptualize, categorize, label, interpret, and introspect about our inner and outer worlds. Since animals lack language and culture, we really have no idea whether they experience emotions the same way we do. the people who think this say the other camp is endorsing in anthropomorphize: attribute human characteristics & behavior to non-humans

you put a metal wire in the brain and stimulate what you think are pleasurable or non-pleasurable areas. dopamine seems to correlate with how much animals like something, pleasure molecule. but after, we concluded that there is no correlation between dopamine levels and pleasure. so now we say dopamine correlates with wanting to repeat something, but not because you like it. dopamine relates to reinforcement learning that occurs beneath conscious awareness.

animals attack and other social behaviors.

reduced social interaction, self-grooming.

true

• Emotional facial expressions are not super specific. The same facial expression can convey different emotions, and different facial expressions can convey the same emotion. • Inferring emotions from facial expressions is not very reliable. The same emotion is not reliably expressed through nor perceived from a common set of facial movements. • The generalizability (contextual and cultural effects) of deducing emotions from facial expressions is not well studied. Overall, emotional experiences do not reduce to six different type of emotions. There seems to be about 25 unique emotional blends, and they do not manifest in prototypical facial-muscle configurations alone, but rather in multimodal behavioural expressions involving voice, touch, posture, gaze, and head/body movements.

• Perception of an emotion-eliciting stimulus (e.g., see a spider). • Subjective feelings of emotion (e.g., fear). • Behavioral and physiological responses (e.g., trembling, sweating and running away). The common-sense view is that the subjective feelings of emotion precede and cause the associated physiological response.

• In the late 1800s there were reports that people with spinal cord damage felt emotions less intensely than before their accident. • The reduction in emotional experiences correlated with how much sensation the people had lost (how paralyzed they were, which corresponds to the location of the spinal cord damage). • Some subjects looked and acted angry at times, but they reported that they did not feel very angry.

• Perception of emotion-eliciting event (e.g., see a spider). • Behavioural and physiological responses are triggered (e.g., trembling, sweating, increased heart rate). before you are conscious • Feedback from the peripheral nervous system to the brain triggers subjective feelings of emotion (e.g., fear). the feeling of fear comes because we sense we are sweating, our facial expression changed and we are trembling. we interpret our body signals. this theory came because of the spinal cord study.

true, this has been reported following botox injections into the face to reduce wrinkles. but small effect However, … -> Our internal organs are relatively insensitive, and they do not respond quickly enough to account for our emotional feelings. -> Cutting the sensory nerves between the internal organs and the central nervous system does not abolish emotional behaviour in animals. -> Injecting hormones or artificially activating the autonomic nervous system does not reliably or consistently produce specific emotions.