lab exam 3
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As animals get larger, their volume——————- than their surface area.
increases faster
High SA:V ratio Can rely more on diffusion for gas exchange Less need for complex circulatory/respiratory systems
Small animals:
Low SA:V ratio Diffusion alone is too slow to meet oxygen and nutrient demands Require: Well-developed circulatory systems to transport materials Specialized respiratory systems (lungs, gills) to increase surface area for gas exchange
Large animals:
Fluid is not always in vessels Found in insects, many invertebrates
Open circulatory system
Blood stays inside vessels Found in vertebrates (like humans)
Closed circulatory system
pumps fluid
heart
carries materials
blood
tubes that transport blood
blood vessels
top chambers (receive blood)
atria
bottom chambers (pump blood out)
ventricles
– wall that separates left and right sides
septum
carry oxygen
red blood cells
fight infection
white blood cells
help blood clot
platelets
liquid that carries everything
plasma
carry blood away from heart
Arteries
tiny vessels where exchange happens
Capillaries
carry blood back to heart
Veins
force of blood against vessel walls
Blood pressure
heartbeat you can feel in arteries
Pulse
brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System (CNS)
all nerves outside CNS (connects body to brain/spinal cord)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
a fast, automatic response: Stimulus (touch something hot) Sensory neuron → spinal cord Interneuron processes it Motor neuron → response (pull hand away)
reflex arc
receive signals
dendrites