MIDTERM LEC 3
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Most abundant organic molecules in nature.
Carbohydrates
Empirical formula is _ where n = number of _
Cn(H2O)n carbon atoms.
Carbohydrates Major energy source →
Glucose
Carbohydrates Storage form of energy →
Glycogen
Carbohydrates Component of cell membranes
Glycoproteins
Structural component in plants, bacteria, and insects.
Carbohydrates
These are hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivatives based on the location of the CO functional group
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates: (4)
monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
the simplest carbohydrate (CHO)
Glycol aldehyde
the only carbohydrate to be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen
Glucose
does not accumulate in the muscle → it enters the cells only with insulin and is rapidly metabolized
Glucose
Glucose metabolism produces _, _, and _ as intermediates
pyruvate, lactate, and acetyl-CoA
Complete glucose oxidation produces
CO₂, water, and ATP.
The brain relies entirely on _ ● Approximately 2/3 of glucose used at rest supports the Central Nervous System.
blood glucose
Reducing substances/sugars: Carbohydrates that can act as reducing agents because they have a free functional group →
ALDEHYDE GROUP or KETOSE GROUP.
Reducing substances/sugars (5)
glucose, maltose, fructose, lactose and galactose
Non-Reducing substances/sugars (2)
sucrose, trehalose
the most common nonreducing sugar
Sucrose
do not contain an active ketone or aldehyde group.
Nonreducing sugars
It functions as both an endocrine and exocrine organ in carbohydrate metabolism
Pancreas
Pancreas it secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from cells in the islets of Langerhans.
endocrine gland
Pancreas it produces amylase to break down complex carbohydrates.
exocrine gland
It is the primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell.
Insulin
It is synthesized by the B-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
Insulin