Module 2 The Cell Cycle

The continuity of life depends on cells growing, replicating their genetic material (DNA) and then dividing ‐ a process called ___

Two major phases of the cell cycle the cell grows and DNA is replicated the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated, and the cell divides.

The Three Stages of Interphase normal cell function -Cellular contents EXCLUDING the chromosomes are duplicated DNA replication and repair of damaged DNA -Each of the 46 Chromosomes are duplicated continued growth and preparation for division -The cell double checks the chromosomes and makes repair

Cell Cycle Arrest

G1 phase: The cell is accumulating the ___ and the associated proteins as well as ___ to complete the task of replicating each chromosome in the nucleus.

S phase: Throughout interphase, nuclear DNA remains in a ___. In the S phase, identical pairs of DNA molecules—___— are firmly attached to the ___ region.

S phase: The ___ is duplicated during the S phase. This gives rise to the ___ which is the apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during S phase At the center of each animal cell, the (1) of animal cells are associated with a pair of rod‐like objects, the ___, these help organize cell division. They are not present in plants and fungi

G2 Phase: the cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes ___necessary for chromosome manipulation. ____ is dismantled to provide resources for the mitotic phase. Might have additional cell growth, the final preparations that must be completed before the mitotic phase.

The mitotic phase: The mitotic phase is a multistep process during which the duplicated chromosomes are ___, ____, and move into two new, identical ___. The first portion of the mitotic phase is called ___ or___. The second portion of the mitotic phase, called ___, or ____ is the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into the two daughter cells.

form of eukaryotic cell division that produces two daughter cells with the same genetic component as the parent cell. 2n=2n

mitosis forms the basis of ____. in bacteria, the genome consists of a single, ____ DNA chromosome; therefore, the process of cell division is simplified. ___ is unnecessary because there is no nucleus and thus no need to direct one copy of the multiple chromosomes into each daughter cell. This type of cell division is called ___

In____ multicellular organisms sexual reproduction involves the fusion of ____ to produce a ____.

In the adult organism, mitosis plays a role in (3)

Phases of Mitosis/Karyokinesis (5) The first phase The first change phase The change phase the upward phase the distance phase

Prophase: Nuclear envelope dissociate into small ___ and the membranous organelles like ___, ___, and ___ fragment and disperse to the cell’s periphery

Prophase: The ____ disappears (disperses) The ____ begin to move to opposite poles of the cell due to the ___ ___ emerge from the (2)

Prophase: The ___ begin to coil more tightly with the aid of ___ proteins and become visible under a light microscope

Prometaphase: Chromosomes continue to condense ____ appear at the ___ ___ microtubules attach to (1) ____ move toward opposite poles

Prometaphase: ____ microtubules that do not engage the chromosomes are called ___. They overlap each other midway between the two poles and contribute to cell elongation ___ located near the poles and aid in orientation, are required for the regulation of mitosis

Metaphase: ___ are finally at the opposite poles of the cells ____ are lined up at the ___ aka ___ Each ___ is attached to a ___ originating from opposite poles they are also attached to other by ____ Chromosomes are maximally condensed

Parts (4)

Anaphase: ____ binding the ___ break down and pull them toward the opposite poles ____ spindle fibers lengthen, elongating the cell The cell becomes visibly elongated into an ___ shape as the polar microtubule slide against each other at the metaphase plate

Telophase: ____ arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondese, becoming a ___ configuration ____ surrounds each set of chromosomes and ___ appear The ____ breaks down into ___ to be made into ____

____ or “___” is the second main stage of the ____ where cell division is completed by the physical separation into two cells