Chapter 8
暂无描述。系统推荐的高质量记忆内容，适合每天坚持背诵学习。
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Laws of Thermodynamics
apply to all matter and all energy transformations in the universe
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Seconded Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work.
Entropy
measure of disorder in a system
Enthalpy (H)
total energy
Free Energy (G)
usable energy that can do work
Exergonic Reactions
Release free energy
Endergonic Reactions
Consume free energy
Catabolism
complexity decreases (generates disorder) Complex molecules
Anabolism
complexity (order) increases Free energy + small molecules
Energy
Ability to do work/change
Enzyme Substrate-Complex (ES)
held together by hydrogen bonds, electrical attraction, or covalent bonds
Exergonic
release energy (‐ΔG)
Induced fit
enzyme changes shape when it binds substrate, altering shape of active site
Kinetic Energy
energy of movement
metabolism
sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time
non-competitive inhibitor
bind to enzyme at site other than the active site
potential energy
stored energy (stored as chemical bonds, concentration gradient, or charge imbalance)
products
substance present at the end of a reaction
reactant
substance present at the beginning of a reaction
ribozyme
(RNA) molecule that can catalyze chemical reactions
standard free energy
the change in free energy that occurs when 1 mol of a substance in its standard state is formed from the component elements in their standard states. Free energy=change in enthalpy- Temperature in kelvin x change in entropy
substrate
reactants; molecule(s) on which an enzyme exerts its catalytic action
transition state
eactive mode of the substrate (aka – reactant) after there has been sufficient input of energy to initiate the reaction