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Measurement and Data Processing

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Total cards: 24•Content version: v4•Public deck•Updated: 8/1/2026

Card preview (24)

#1
Front (Question)

How do you measure the uncertainty in analogue instruments?

Back (Answer)

+/- half the smallest division

#2
Front (Question)

how do you measure the uncertainty in digital instruments?

Back (Answer)

+/- half the smallest division

#3
Front (Question)

What are other sources of uncertainty?

Back (Answer)

reaction time judging what is the • equivalence point • temperature at a particular time • voltage of a cell

#4
Front (Question)

significant figures

Back (Answer)

digits in the measurement up to and including the first uncertain digit

#5
Front (Question)

experimental error

Back (Answer)

difference between the recorded value and the generally excepted value

#6
Front (Question)

what are the two categories of error?

Back (Answer)

random or systematic

#7
Front (Question)

random error

Back (Answer)

equal probability of result being too high or too low

#8
Front (Question)

what causes random error?

Back (Answer)

• readability of measuring instrument • effects of changes in surroundings (temperature variations, air currents) • insufficient data • misinterpretation of data

#9
Front (Question)

how can random error be reduced?

Back (Answer)

repeated measurements

#10
Front (Question)

repeatable

Back (Answer)

the same person duplicates the experiment with the same results

#11
Front (Question)

reproducible

Back (Answer)

several experimenters duplicate the results

#12
Front (Question)

systematic error

Back (Answer)

• poor experimental design or procedure • cannot be reduced by repeating the experiment

#13
Front (Question)

what causes systematic error?

Back (Answer)

• measuring volume from top of the meniscus • overshooting volume in titration • heat losses in exothermic reaction

#14
Front (Question)

uncertainty when add or subtract measurements?

Back (Answer)

sum of absolute uncertainties

#15
Front (Question)

uncertainty when multiply or divide measurements

Back (Answer)

sum of individual percentage uncertainties

#16
Front (Question)

precision of data when multiply or divide data

Back (Answer)

same number of significant figures at the least precise datum

#17
Front (Question)

precision of data when add or subtract data

Back (Answer)

same number of decimal places as the least precise value

#18
Front (Question)

qualitative analysis

Back (Answer)

detects presence but not quantity of substance in a mixture e.g. chromatography

#19
Front (Question)

quantitative analysis

Back (Answer)

measurement of the quantity of a particular substance in a mixture

#20
Front (Question)

structural analysis

Back (Answer)

• description of how the atoms are arranged in molecular structures • e.g. spectroscopy

#21
Front (Question)

infrared spectroscopy

Back (Answer)

identify bonds in a molecule

#22
Front (Question)

mass spectrometry

Back (Answer)

determines relative atomic and molecular masses

#23
Front (Question)

nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Back (Answer)

shows chemical environment of certain isotopes

#24
Front (Question)

IHD

Back (Answer)

• index of hydrogen deficiency • measure of how many molecules of H2 would be needed in theory to convert the molecule to the corresponding saturated, non-cyclic molecule