PE Boost (Exam)

• increases • resting rate: 60-80 BPM • exercise rate: moderate: 120-150 BPM intense: 180-200 BPM • HR increases to meet energy demands of exercise and deliver more O2 to working muscles. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic intensity.

• light to moderate intensity cardio session lasting between 30 and 120 minutes where your heart rate stays level.

• increases • resting rate: low • exercise rate: high • the difference between oxygen saturation within the arteries opposed to the veins. Directly related to muscular O2 demand.

Pulmonary Diffusion - occurs between the lungs and the heart through alveoli (site where gas is exchanged)

-vasoconstriction: the narrowing of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls, blood flow is slowed or blocked. -vasodilation: blood vessels in your body widen, allowing more blood to flow through them.

-increase -resting rate: 60-80 BPM - exercise rate: moderate: 120-150 ml/beat intense: 150/180 ml/beat - amount of blood injected out of the heart per beat, it will reach max at around 40% max HR (due to the heart only being so big)

• increases • resting rate: 5-6 L/min -exercise rate: moderate: 12-15 L/min intense: 20-30 L/min • an increase leads to more O2 rich blood being distributed to working muscles per minute. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic intensity.

Rate(BPM) x volume(ml/beat) = total cardiac output(L/min)

• increase • resting rate: 500 ml/beat • exercise rate: moderate: 2.5 L/breath intense: 3.0 L/breath • TV increases to allow greater volume of O2 being taken in per breath. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic intensity.

• Nasal cavity, Larynx / Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi • Breathing in: Low pressure within the chest cavity and a higher pressure in the outside air, Therefore the air moves into the lungs • Breathing out: High pressure within the chest cavity and a lower pressure in the outside air, Therefore the air moves out of the lungs

• refers to the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilise during intense or maximal exercise.

Breath Rate(BPM) x Tidal Volume(ml/breath) = Ventilation(L/min)

• Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption • result of an elevation in oxygen consumption and metabolism, which occurs after exercise as the body recovers, repairs, and returns to its pre-exercise state.

• oxygen shortage in the bodies tissues arising from exercise

• concentric: the muscle length decreases • eccentric: the muscle length increases • isometric: the muscle length remains unchanged (gripping) • isoinertial: load or resistance against the muscle is constant throughout the motion. • isokinetic: the resistance changes according to joint angle

• unipennate: fibres on one side of a tendon • bipennate: fibres on both side of a tendon • multipennate: fibres branch out from a number of tendons

• smooth: found in blood vessels and intestinal walls, internal and involuntary. • cardiac: only found in the wall of the heart. involuntary • skeletal: external, voluntary. • FAST TWITCH: contract rapidly, contract with greater force, have a large fibre diameter. (white) • SLOW TWITCH: contract slowly with less force, have an increased capacity to use oxygen, have the capacity to contract for longer time periods. (red) • Label a diagram

• Axil: skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, coccyx • Appendicular: clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpal and tarsals, femur patella, fibula, tibia • Vertebrae column: Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5) - fused, coccyx (4) -fused • Label a diagram

• Agonist: muscle creating movement • Antagonist: muscle relaxing • Reciprocal Inhibition: muscles work in pairs. Agonist contracts and antagonist must relax.

• Fibrous joint: fixed, immovable (cranium, sacrum) • Cartilaginous joint: cartilage joints, slightly moveable (ribs, vertebrae) • Synovial joint: freely moveable (knee, arms, hip) Types of joints: hinge (elbow), pivot (humerus), ball & socket (hip), ellipsoid (wrist), saddle (thumb), plane (scapula), gliding (vertebrae)

flexion - angle decreases at a joint extension - angle increases at a joint dorsi flexion - foot moves towards shin plantar flexion - foot moves away from shin abduction - moves away from midline adduction - moves towards midline supination - twisting (palm up) pronation - twisting (palm down) eversion - sole outward inversion - sole inward elevation - shoulder girdle moves towards head depression - shoulder girdle moves away from head rotation - movement around central axis circumduction - body moves in a cone shape

Hyperthermia - Heat induced illness (above 38.5 degrees) (flushed, nausea, dizziness) (get out of the sun and into a cool environment) Hypothermia - When the core of the body drops below 35 degrees (cold, pale, slowed breath, confusion) (Place patient in warm environment)

• EPO: increases O2 absorption and carrying, enhance aerobic capacity (negatives: blood clots, strokes and dehydration) (endurance/aerobic) • Beta Blockers: increases vasodilation, decreases HR and BR (negatives: fatigue and headaches) (target sports) • Diuretics: rapid weight loss (negatives: muscle cramps and weakness, dehydration) (weight sports) • Anabolic Steroids: increase muscle bulk and strength, decrease in injury (negatives: decrease sperm count, acne) (contact and power related)

• Caffeine: physical and mental stimulus, decrease fatigue (negatives: dehydration, increased HR) (aerobic and anaerobic) • Creatine: increase muscle fuel, muscle gain, brain function (negatives: muscle cramps and weight gain) (power and strength/short) • Protein: repairs body’s essential structures, assists recovery (negatives: calcium deficiency, displace other nutrients) (weight sports) • Sports drinks: contains electrolytes, contains glucose