mechanisms
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how do we get from an alkane to a halogenoalkane?
free radical substitution condition: UV light reagent: X2 Fission: homolytic
what is a radical?
unpaired electron
what is meant by ‘substitution’ in free rad?
replace H atom for x atom
what is the mechanism for converting a haloalkane into an alcohol, nitrile or amine?
nucleophilic substitution replacing X for nucleophile
what acts as a nucleophile in nucleophilic substitution?
alcohol; OH- amine; NH3 nitrile; CN-
what are the reagents and conditions for nucleophilic sub to make alcohols?
warm, aqueous sodium hydroxide
what are the reagents and conditions for nucleophilic sub to make amines?
excess ammonia, warm, ethanol, sealed container
what are the reagents and conditions for nucleophilic sub to make nitriles?
potassium cyanide, warm, ethanol
what is the OTHER product made during nucleophilic substitution for alcohols, amines and nitriles?
alchohol; NaX amine; NH4+X- nitrile; KX
what mechanism gives an alkene from a haloalkane?
elimination (losing H atom and X atom)
what are the reagents and conditions for elimination of haloalkanes?
reflux in ethanol/ hot ethanolic potassium/ sodium hydroxide
what does the OH- act as in elimination of haloalkanes?
base (proton acceptor)
what mechanism do alkenes mainly undergo?
electrophilic addition
how can alkanes be made from alkenes?
hydrogenation (adding 2 H atoms) condition; Ni catalyst
how can alkenes be used to make haloalkanes or dihaloalkanes?
electrophilic addition add 2X atoms for dihaloalkane add HX for haloalkane
how can alkenes be used in industry to produce alcohols?
hydrated in 300 degrees, 60 atm and using a concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst
how can alkenes get organic hydrogen sulphates?
electrophilic addition reagent; conc H2SO4 condition; room temp
how can organic hydrogen sulfates produce alcohols?
hydrolysed using water sulfuric acid is regenerated so acts as a catalyst
how can alcohols go to alkenes?
elimination reagent; conc sulfuric acid conditions; heat there must be a H on an adjacent C to be removed