Organic Chemistry 2
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How can ethanol be made using fermentation + conditions?
fermentation of aqueous glucose 25–35°C in the presence of yeast in the absence of oxygen
How can ethanol be made using ethene + conditions?
catalytic addition of steam to ethene 300°C 60 atm acid catalyst
Describe the combustion of ethanol.
• burns readily with an almost invisible blue flame • burns cleanly and without strong odours ethanol + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
Uses of ethanol
SOLVENT FUEL
miss americana
and the heartbreak prince
Why is ethanol used in cosmetics?
it is safe for human contact
Describe the advantages of the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation.
uses crops and waste plant material, which is a sustainable source can be conducted at low temperatures so is a relatively inexpensive process
Describe the disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation.
use of crops for fermentation could impact on food supply requires ethanol to be produced in batches so it is a stop-start process requires the impure product to be refined by fractional distillation
Describe the advantages of the manufacture of ethanol by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene.
can produce ethanol continuously to meet market demands can produce ethanol in a fully automated factory requiring little input from human workers can yield pure ethanol that does not need further refinement
Describe the disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene.
uses petroleum from fossil fuels, which will eventually run out requires high temperatures and pressure, which is expensive
Describe the reaction of ethanoic acid with metals
forms salts that contain the ethanoate ion, CH3COO– bubbles of hydrogen gas are seen
Describe the reaction of ethanoic acid with bases
forms salt and water salt contains ethanoate ion CH3COO-
Describe the reaction of ethanoic acid with carbonates
acid + carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide bubbles of CO2 seen forms salt with ethanoate ion CH3COO-
In which two ways can ethanoic acid be made?
oxidation of ethanol with acidified aq. potassium manganate (VII) oxidation of ethanol by bacterial oxidation during vinegar production
How can ethanoic acid be made with acidified aq. potassium manganate (VII)?
KMnO4 is a strong oxidising agent, used in the presence of sulfuric acid and heat produces ethanoic acid from ethanol
How can ethanoic acid be made by bacterial oxidation?
Bacteria such as acetobacter contain enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid and water
carboxylic acid + alcohol
forms an ester uses an acid catalyst
Define polymers
large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers
Describe the formation of poly(ethene)
addition polymerisation many ethene monomer molecules react together, joining end to end to make poly(ethene) molecules no other product forms
example of addition polymerisation
formation of poly(ethene) using ethene monomers
Deduce the structure or repeat unit of an addition polymer from a given alkene
change the C=C bond in the monomer into a C–C bond draw a line from each of the C atoms that were in the C=C bond (representing covalent bonds between repeat units) draw brackets around the repeat unit
Polyamides
condensation polymers made from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine
What is a dicarboxylic acid
molecule that contains two COOH groups
diamine
a molecule that contains two NH2 groups