Infection and Response

Releasing toxins

Live inside human cells and replicate themselves until the cell bursts

Transported by a vector, they are parasites living on or in an organism causing damage

Hyphae grow and penetrate human skin

• Water - cholera is caused by diahorrea contaminated water • Air - Airborne pathogens are carried in the air in droplets through coughs and sneezes • Direct contact - Athlete’s foot is spread by sharing contaminated towels

Pathogen - virus Spread - droplets in coughs and sneezes Symptoms - rashes and fever Treatment - vaccinations

P - virus S - exchanging bodily fluids (sex or sharing needles) S - flu like symptoms T - no treatment

P - virus S - direct contact S - discoloured mosaic pattern on leaves T - removing affected leaves

P - fungi S - water or wind S - purple and black spots on leaves - reduced photosynthesis - less growth T - fungicides/ remove affected leaves

P - protist S - mosquito vector S - repeating fever T - mosquito nets

P - bacteria S - contaminated food S - vomiting, diarrhoea T - poultry vaccination

P - bacteria S - sex S - painful urination & green discharge T - antibiotics/ condoms

• Hygiene (washing hands) • Destroying vectors • Isolating infected individuals • Vaccination

• Skin • Mucus traps pathogens • Cilia waft mucus up to the throat • Stomach acid

• Phagocytosis - engulfing pathogens • Producing antibodies when the cell detects unusual antigens that locks onto the pathogen and kills it • Antitoxins

• Injecting a dead/ weekend version of the pathogen causes white blood cells to detect antigens and produce antibodies • If the same antigens appear again, white blood cells remember and produce antibodies quickly

• Controlling communicable diseases • Epidemics can be reduced - less people to pass on illness

• Don’t always work • Bad reactions

Reduce symptoms without destroying the cause

Kill bacteria causing an illness

• Bacteria mutate and may have a resistant gene • Only non resistant strains will be killed • Resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce, leading to worse diseases

Willow

Foxgloves

• Human cells and tissues • Live animals • Human patients