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Describe midsagittal, and transverse planes
• Also called median - splits the head and neck into two equal portions • Also called frontal - supposed to had a neck into anterior and posterior portions • Also called axial - splits the head and neck into Superior and inferior portions
Define surface anatomy
The study of the structural relationships of the external features of the body to the internal organs and parts
What are the 12 regions of the head?
• Frontal region • Parietal region • Temporal region • Zygomatic region • Auricular region • Occipital region • Orbital region • Infraorbital region • Nasal region • Oral region • Buccal region • Mental region
Describe what the frontal region includes
• Supraorbital ridge - just inferior to each eyebrow • Glabella - smooth elevated area between the eyebrows • Frontal eminence - the prominence of the forehead
Describe how to examine the frontal region
• Stand near the client, visually inspect and bilaterally palpate the frontal region • Face and head should be symmetrical • Skin should be continuous, firm, and pigmented in relation to normal variations
Describe the parietal and occipital regions
Covered by the scalp and defined by the deeper skull bones
Describe the temporal region
Within the temporal region is the temple, The superficial side of the head posterior to each eye which is defined by the deeper skull bone
Describe the auricular region
The articular region of each side of the head has the external ear as the prominent feature
What is the external ear composed of?
• An auricle (oval flap of the ear) • The external acoustic meatus or EAM
The superior and posterior free margin of the auricle is the ________, which ends inferiorly at the ________, the fleshy protuberance of the earlobe
• Helix • Lobule
The ______ is the smaller flap of tissue of the auricle anterior to the external acoustic meatus. The other flap of tissue opposite of this is the ________
• Tragus • Antitragus
Between the tragus and antitregus is a deep notch called the ________
Intertragic notch
What is the function of the external ear?
Gathers sound energy and focuses it on the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
The eyeball and all of its structures are contained in this
The orbital region, specifically, the orbit (the bony socket)
The white area of the eye is called the _________, while the coloured part is called the _________
• Sclera • Iris
Why does the pupil appear black?
Because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues inside of the eye
What is the size of the pupil controlled by?
• involuntary constriction and dilation of the iris (regulates the intensity of light entering the eye) • Known as the pupillary reflex
Describe the use of eyelids
• When an eye becomes dry, blinking can help spread moisture across the surface and ease discomfort • Tears are lacrimal fluid (fluid secreted from lacrimal gland) which moisturizes • Blinking also serves the purpose f helping to remove irritants • Eyelids have a reflex to close the eyes when a threat comes too close - involuntary and often strong enough to overcome voluntary resistance
The __________ is the delicate, thin membrane lining inside of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball
conjunctiva
What are the inner and outer corners of the eyes where the eyelids meet called?
• Inner - medial canthus/inner canthus • Outer - lateral canthus/outer canthus
Describe the main features of the nasal region
• External nose • Nasion - Just inferior to the glabella • Root - medial to the eyes • Bridge - bony ridge • Apex - tip • Naris (nares is plural) - nostril (the negative space) • Ala (alae is plural) - Boundary of the nares, separated by the midline (where your nose is pierced) • Nasolabial sulcus - Grooves running between the labial commissures and the alae (old people lines)
Describe how to examine the nasal region
• Inspect and palpate by starting at the root of the nose and proceeding to the apex • The nose should be symmetrical and show no sign of discharge, redness, or ulceration of the surrounding skin
Where is the infraorbital region located?
Inferior to the orbital region and lateral to the nasal region
Describe the zygomatic region
• Overlies the bony support for the cheek (i.e. zygomatic arch) • The zygomatic arch extends from just below the lateral margin of the eye toward the middle part of the ear