Equations

Magnification = lens x times eyepiece x eg 40 x 10 = magnification of 400

Mass/volume

Force = constant x extension F = kx

Carbon dioxide + water + energy in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight -> glucose + oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Acid + metal oxide -> salt + water Acid + metal hydroxide -> salt + water Acid + metal -> salt + hydrogen Acid + metal carbonate -> salt + carbon dioxide + water Acid + metal hydrogen carbonate -> salt + carbon dioxide + water Acid + ammonia solution -> ammonium salt + water Salt = metal nonmetal eg hydrochloric + sodium = sodium chloride+water acid hydroxide When hydrochloric acid is neutralised, the salt formed is a metal CHLORIDE When nitric acid is neutralised, the salt formed is a metal NITRATE When sulphuric acid neutralised, the salt formed is metal SULPHATE.

Red Litmus Blue Litmus Acidic solution Stays red Turns red Neutral solution Stays red Stays blue Alkaline solution Turns blue Stays blue

Molten lead (ii) bromide PbBr2 Cathode Pb2+ (l) + 2e- -> Pb (l) Anode 2Br- (l) -> Br2 (g) + 2e- • lead metal at the negative electrode • The lead will form as a liquid at the bottom of the reaction vessel. • bromine (Br2) at the positive electrode • The bromine appears as a brown gas at the positive electrode. Aqueous copper chloride CuCl2 -> Cu + Cl2 At the cathode Cu is reduced Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- -> Cu (s) At the anode Cl is oxidised 2Cl- (aq) -> Cl2 (g) + 2e- The products of this electrolysis are: copper metal at the negative electrode The copper forms as a brown solid on the negative electrode. chlorine gas (Cl2) at the positive electrode The chlorine appears as a gas with a characteristic smell at the positive electrode.

Aqueous cations: • Copper (Cu2+). Effect of aq sodium hydroxide = light blue ppt. Insoluble in excess. Effect of aq ammonia = light blue ppt. Soluble in excess, giving a dark blue solution. • Iron (Fe2+). Effect of aq sodium hydroxide = green ptt. Insoluble in excess. Effect of aq ammonia = green ppt. insoluble in excess. • Iron (Fe 3+). Effect of aq sodium hydroxide = red-brown ppt. Insoluble in excess. Effect of aq ammonia = red-brown ppt, insoluble in excess. Anions • Carbonate. Add dilute acid, then limewater. Results = bubbles, CO2 produced. • Choride. Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate. White ppt Gases • Carbon dioxide. Turns limewater milky • Chlorine. Bleaches damp litmus paper • Hydrogen. “pops” with a lighted splint. • Oxygen. Relights a glowing splint.

Methane: CH4 H | H - C - H | H Ethane: C2H6 H H | | H - C - C - H | | H H Ethene: C2H4 H H \ / C = C / \ H H

S = d/t

Area under the graph = distance.

Energy = joules (J) Work done = joules (J) Power = Watts (W)

K.E. = 1/2mv^2 = 1/2 x mass x velocity^2

P.E. = mgh = mass x gravity x height.

Efficiency = (useful energy)/(total energy) x 100%

10ms^-2 or 9.8

Work done = f x d = force x distance or work done = power x time

Vf - Vi ——- = a time

v = displacement / time = change in position / time

Force = Mass x acceleration

P = work done / time = (force x distance) / time or P = E/t = energy/time

I = Q/t I is the current in amperes (amps), A Q is the charge in coulombs, C t is the time in seconds, s

Current: amps Electric charge: coulombs Time: seconds Voltage: volts Energy: Joules Power: Watts