Wk 11- Respiratory System

Structures respiratory systems Upper respiratory tract Nose / nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses and pharynx Lower respiratory tract L? > Br? T? > B? and a?

Lower respiratory tract The trachea (windpipe) 16-?0 tracheal c? Hyaline ? Shaped cartilage stiffen trachea and allows contractions No p? cartilage Branches into L and R p? bronchi

Trachea and Bronchi Left and right branch off trachea ~like a tree with no leaves Consists of 1 bronchus and 2 bronchi P? Bronch? S? Bronch? T? Bronch? These all feed into the lungs

Pleural cavity: The ? reside in the pleural cavity The cavity is lined with a pleural m? Pleural secretes pleural ? : lubrication for l? as they in? and de? Prevents frictions building up

Bronchioles and alveoli Bronchial tube ends in a bronchial cluster of of a? Air passes through a? s? on inhalation S? m? Fibres control diameter of bronchial t?

Bronchioles and alveoli Outside the alveoli sac ~ The capillary network exchange g? -02 and -2 Elastic fibres = ability to c? and r? during in? and ex? = retains s?

Alveoli Alveolar ducts connect respiratory b? to alveolar s? Each alveolus has extensive c? supply > g? e? Between b? and a?

Alveoli E? fibres encase alveoli > assist ejection of ? Each ? Contains 1-0 million alveoli = large s? a? allows rapid d? Gas exchange happens a? alveoli surface

Alveoli cells: Type 1= s? Type 2= s? s? Loosen surface tension of water. The alveolus is covered in water ~ h? Bonds Macrophages= fight introduced microorganisms in?

Pulmonary ventilation: respiratory muscles Inhalation and exhalation of air C? and r? of respiratory muscles in? muscles (internal/external) Diaphragm muscles External/internal o? T?/r? Abdominus

Pulmonary ventilation Muscles maintain airflow in/out of alveoli Ensures oxygen is delivered and co2 is? from b? In p? c?

Air movement into/out lungs = b? Law Inhale = ^ v? of lungs, decrease p? in lungs Atmospheric air pressure ^ alveolar air pressure Air flows outside > into lungs Inhale = ? ?

Exhale = decrease v? lungs ^ p? alveoli/ lungs Passive exhalation = r? external ?/ diaphragm Active exhalation = c? internal ? / a?

Pressure change respiration Inhalation pressure: Air 760 Alveoli 758 v Pleural 754 v Exhalation pressure: Air 760 Alveoli 7?2 ^ Pleural 75? ^

Lung volumes: What are the 4 categories? R? Volume T? Volume In? Reserve volume Ex? Reserve volume

Residual volume = ? all air expelled by lungs ? Volume air remaining 1- 1.? L Tidal volume= R? Volume air inhaled/exhaled Represents air moved in 1 breath

Inspiratory volume= D? Inhalation Excess volume inhaled beyond normal t? volume Expiratory volume= Deep e? Excess volume exhaled beyond normal t? volume

Lung capacities: What are the 4 lung capacities? 1. In? 2. F? Residual 3. V? Capacity 4. T? Lung Inspiratory= Inspiration reserve volume + ? Volume Maximum volume air inhaled from normal expiratory level

Functional residual capacity= Expiratory reserve volume + r? Volume Volume air remaining in lungs after normal expiration

Vital capacity= Inspiratory reserve volume + ? Volume + e? Reserve volume Maximum volume air inhaled/exhaled

Total lung capacity= ? Capacity + r? Volume

Partial pressure respiratory system: Pulmonary gas exchange Alveolus Pulmonary capillaries o2 v ~ 10? mmhg 4? Co2 ^ ~ 40 4?

Tissue gas exchange: Systemic capillary Tissue cell O2v ~ 100 4? Co2 ^ ~ 40 ?5

Partial pressure: Gas= a mixture of individual gases. Each gas has a partial pressure that contributes to the overall gas pressure. O2 = 20.? % of 7?0 mmhg = 15?mmhg Co2= 0.0? % of ?60 mmhg = ?.3 mmhg