Urinary System
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What does the Urinary system consist of?
• kidneys • Ureters • Bladder • Uretha
What do Kidneys do?
Filter the blood to remove waste, maintain electrolyte balance, and regulate blood pressure.
Ureters?
Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Bladder?
A hollow organ that stores urine.
Urethra?
A tube through which urine exits the body.
What are the major nitrogenous wastes that are toxic to the human body?
• Urea • Creatinine • Uric acid
Urea is?
Produced from the breakdown of proteins in the liver.
Creatinine is?
A byproduct of muscle metabolism.
Uric acid is?
Produced from the breakdown of purines (found in DNA).
Removing excess water from the blood helps to:
• maintain blood pressure and fluid balance. • prevent overhydration, which can dilute electrolytes and disrupt cellular function.
If nitrogenous wastes accumulate:
Consequences of toxic waste buildup: - It leads to uremia, causing symptoms like nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and confusion. - Prolonged buildup can result in kidney failure or affect other organs, leading to potentially fatal outcomes.
Standard urinalysis tests include:
• Dipstick tests: Measure pH, glucose, protein, ketones, and blood. • Microscopic analysis: Identifies bacteria, crystals, or cells. • Culture tests: Detect urinary tract infections.
How can urinalysis detect conditions like diabetes, kidney infections and kidney damage?
• Kidney infections (presence of white blood cells or bacteria). • Diabetes (presence of glucose or ketones). • Kidney damage (presence of proteins or blood).
Common Diseases Associated with Kidney Dysfunction
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD): Gradual loss of kidney function. • Kidney stones: Solid deposits of minerals and salts. • Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Infections affecting any part of the urinary system. • Polycystic kidney disease: Genetic disorder causing cysts to form in the kidneys.
Ways to Maintain Kidney Health:
• Hydration: Drinking enough water supports kidney function. • Healthy diet: Limiting salt and processed foods and maintaining a balanced diet protects the kidneys. • Regular exercise: Helps maintain blood pressure and reduces the risk of kidney disease.
How do Kidney Transplants Work?
A kidney transplant replaces a damaged kidney with a healthy one from a donor. It requires: • Surgical transplantation and connecting the new kidney to the blood vessels and ureter. • Immunosuppressive drugs to prevent the body from rejecting the transplanted kidney.
What does a Dialysis Machine do?
A dialysis machine filters blood externally, removing waste and excess water.
Different types of Dialysis:
• Hemodialysis: Blood is passed through a dialyzer outside the body. • Peritoneal dialysis: Fluid is inserted into the abdomen, absorbing waste before being drained.