Module 3 - thing to note from lesson questions
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smallest unit of life
cell
unified cell theory
all living things are composed of cells // cells are basic units of life // all new cells come from existing cells
prokaryotic cell
like eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane and have DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. like plan cells they also have cell walls unlike eukaryotic cells, they may have a cell capsule, and they have a single large chromosome that is not surrounded by a nuclear membrame prokaryotes may have flagella for motility, pili for conjugation, and fimbriae for adhesion to surfaces
eukaryotes different than prokaryotes
eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells, and have a membrane bound nucleus and many different organelles, where as prokaryotic cells are much less structurally comples
what limits cell size
as a cell becomes larger and larger, volume increases as a faster rate than surface area. thus it comes harder and harder for the cell to transport substances across its membrane and into its interior/ this is like comparing the melting rate of crushed ice versus a block of ice
organelle not found in the cytoplasm of the cell
nucleus
difference between the smooth and rough ER in terms of both structure and function
the rough ER has ribosomes, and is thus involved in the production of proteins. the smooth ER does not have ribosomes - it is involved in the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrates, and steroid hormones, the detoxification of medications and poisons, and alcohol metabolism. smooth er does not make proteins
ribsomes are formed by what structure
the nucleolus
organelle involved in the producture of energy in the form of ATP
mitochondrion
cellular locomotion performed by what two organelles
cilia and flagella
the organelle that modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins
the golgi apparatus
phospholipd bilayer
hydrophobic tails facing inward to form a lipid barrier, hydrophilic heads facing outward toward the intracellular and extracellular fluids
types of molecules that freely pass through the bilayer and which need help
lipid-based (nonpolar) molecules can freely pass through the nonpolar membrane, whereas large polar molecules, such as carbohydrates, need help via transport proteints. very small, uncharged molecules such as water oxygen, and cabon dioxide can slip between the phospholipds and thus easily cross the bilayer
mechanisms that are passive (down the concentration gradient, no ATP required)
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
mechanisms that are active (up the concentration gradient, ATP is required)
active transport, exocytosis, and endocytosis
osmosis
water moves from the hypotonic solution to the hypertonic solution. the water is what is moving not the solutes, more water available to move in the hypotonic solution, and less in the hypertonic solutino
epithelial tissue
layers of cells that cover the surfaces of teh body that come into contact with the exterior world, line internal cavities, and form glands
connective tissue
binds the cells and organs of the body together and performs many functions, especially in the protection, support, and integration of the body
muscle tissue
reponds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement, (skeletal-voluntary muscles, smooth muscles, and the cardiac muscle in the heart)
nervous tissue
allows the body to recieve signals and transmit information as electric impulses from one region of the body to another
3 types of muscular tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
tightly packed cells, very little material in betweem the cells, a free surface, avascular
epithelial
few cells present, a lot of material between the cells, the ground substance of the matrix, presence of protein fibers
connective
3 cell shapes found in epithelial cells
squamous (flat), cuboidal(cube), columnar (column)