13 - Exercise And Immunity

Protects the body from infectious disease. It’s involved in tissue repair and protection against potential pathogens

How the body recognizes and depends itself against foreign substances

A foreign substance that causes disease

Substances, normal proteins, found on cells that the immune system tried to destroy by creating antigens

A protein produced by the bodies immune system when it detects harmful substances called antigens

• Innate immunity - the first natural defense system. The defense system out were being with. - Physical: skin, epithelial lining, mucosal secretions - Chemical: Ph of bodily fluids, hormones and other soluble solutions - Leucocytes: white blood cells that fight disease

• Adaptive immunity - Inflammation - Clotting - Lymphocyte an antibody productions

A type of blood cell. There’s two types: • B cell • T cell

Cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies attach to a specific antigen and make it easier for the immune cell to destroy the antigen

Attack antigens directly help control the immune response. They also create chemicals that control the entire immune system

Cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful forgone bacteria and kill it

The process by which certain living cells called phagocytes I get other cells

• Neutrophils - a white blood cell that is one of the first cells to travel to the site of the infection they help fight infection by ingestion microorganisms and releasing enzymes that kill the microorganisms • Macrophages - a types of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms

• Recognition, following and attachment to the bacteria - pathogen ( bad guy) produces chemicals that attract phagocytes (good guy), then the pathogen molecular pattern fits the pattern of the phagocyte • Engulfment - extensions of the cytoplasm move around and eventually enclose the particle in a membrane surrounds by a phagocyte • Intercellular killing - once the cells inside the phagosome fuses with cytoplasmic lysosome forming a lysosome. The lysosome contains antibacterial molecules and enzymes that can kill and digest the microbe. Intercellular killing is accomplished through several mechanism including toxic reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen containing species any indigestible material is then removed exotosis.

Intense exercise can cause tissue damage and so is accompanied by responses that are similar to those of an infection such as: • increase in leucocytes • inflammation When training is high and prolonged there tends to be a decrease in image and adaptive immune function • sustained increases in cortisol and adrenaline over long periods suppress the immune system • leucocyte numbers drop compared to sedimentary people

Athletes are more susceptible to infections than their sedentary peers because of: • lower leucocyte numbers caused by the stress of exercise • inflammation caused by muscle damage • Greater exposure to airborne bacteria and viruses because of an increased rate and depth of breathing The relationship between exercise intensity and susceptibility to disease can be seen as a J curve because an elite athlete has not only to be physically fit but also have an immune system able to withstand infections even during severe physiological and psychological stress Moderate exercise is associated with reduced susceptibility to infection

• have sufficient recovery time into training programs • avoid close contact with people with infections • maintain oral hygiene • maintain hydration status • Ensure water is pathogen free • Maintain good personal hygiene • Maintain a auditable and varied diet • Ensure sufficient sleep

• Exercise improves immunity • moderate exercise = increase resistance • prolonged exercise = decrease resistance

• Risk on the left side - Intensity of exercise on the bottom