Chapter 30 - Amino Acids, Proteins, and DNA
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whats an amino acid
a naturally occurring organic molecule with a COOH, NH2, H, and an R group bonded to a central carbon
why can aminoa cids act as both acids and bases
because the amino group can accept a proton and the carboxylate group can donate a proton
what do amino acid molecules exist as
zwitterions
whats a zwitterion
an amino acid with a positive and a negative charge, and an overall neural charge
why do amino acids have high melting points
because they are ionic
what are some physical properties of amino acids
high melting points, high solubility in water, poor solubility in non polar solvents white solid at room temp
what happens to an amino acid under acidic conditions
amino group accepts a proton, amino acid acts as a base
what happens to an amino acid under alkaline conditions
carboxylate group donates a proton, amino acid acts as an acid
whats a peptide
any number of amino acids linked together
whats a polypeptide
any sequence of more than 50 amino acids
whats a peptide link
an amide link formed by the condensation plymerisation of two amino acids
what is the primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids in a protein showing only the covalent bonds
what is the secondary structure of a proein
the structure of a protein showing the shape of the molecule with the hydrogen bonds between peptide links
give 2 examples of secondary protein structures
alpha helix beta pleated sheet
how can a protein be completely hydrolysed into its amino acids
boiling with 6M HCl for 24 hours
whats the tertiary structure of a protein
the 3D shape that the secondary structure is folded into its held together by van der waals, dipole dipole, hydrogen bonds, sulfur sulfur bonds and ionic interactions between the r groups on amino acids
whats an enzyme
protien based catalyst found in living things
how do enzymes work
an enzyme has a crevice in it called an active site which is specific to a particular molecule the molecule is held in place in the right orientation to react
how can enzyme activity by inhibited
their active site can be blocked with a certain drug they can be denatured at high temperatures and extreme pH changes their activity will be significantly slowed at low temps
why are computer models useful in understanding proteins and enzymes
models can be used to predict a molecules properties without having to actually synthesize the molecule which saves time and rescources
what is dna
deoxyribonucleic acid a polymer made up of different nucleotides
whats a nucleotide
the monomer of dna, made up of a phosphate group, 2-deoxyribose and a base
how do bases bond together
hydrogen bonds between O, N, and H atoms
what bases bond toegther
A & T C & G