Chapter 13: Processing, Support, and Reproduction: The Digestive, Urinary, Skeletal. Muscular, and Developmental Systems

-takes food into the body, breaks it down, and absorbs nutrients

-removes metabolic waste from the blood

• supports the body • protects body • allows movement (along with the muscular system)

-makes movement possible

-protects body and regulates body temperature

-produces the cells necessary to produce offspring

• long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth, goes to esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, and ends at the anus where feces is eliminated • all can perform peristalsis

• organs that play a role in digestion, but are not directly involved • teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

-rhythmic, wavelike contractions that push the food down to the stomach from the esophagus

-pancreas tucked into a loop of small intestine

• secretion that occurs outside the blood (released into body cavities or onto the body surface) • ex: digestive enzymes, saliva, mucus, tears, and sweat

-intake of food into the system

-lump of food that has been ground by the teeth and tongue

• made up of water and mucus - moistens food and clumps it together to form bolus

-digestive enzyme in saliva that catalyzes the breakdown of starch (carbohydrate)

• pH between 1 and 2 (bc HCl) • pepsin (gastric protease): enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids and is formed when pepsinogen is transformed due to low pH • chyme: mush that leaves the stomach

• site of most digestion and absorption • chyme is then subjected to bile • has internal folds and villi to increase absorption of nutrients by the small intestine which goes to blood and then liver for processing • hepatic portal system: capillaries from intestines merge to form portal veins that divide into capillaries again once they reach the liver (helps transfer of nutrients)

• produced by the liver • stored in the gallbladder • used to emulsify (break up) fats contained in chyme (hydrophillic) so it can mix with fats (hydrophobic) • also allows for real fat-digesting enzymes (lipases) to gain easier access to fat

• stores glycogen • produces glucose • metabolizes fat • produces blood proteins • stores vitamins • detoxifies the blood • produce bile

• secretes at least one enzyme for each type of food digested by the small intestine • secretes amylase, lipase, protease • secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid so enzymes can function

• responsible for reabsorbing water from chyme to create feces • no digestion occurs • contains large amount of E.coli (nonpathogenic) that help keep pathogenic bacteria from growing and supply our body with vitamin K

-same organs in alimentary canal

• same organs in alimentary canal - crop to store food and gizzard for grinding in their digestive tract

-water, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins