Blood Groups
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Describe three responses to blood loss?
• Vasoconstriction • Platelet plus formation • Coagulation
Describe the response of the SNS (sympathetic nervous system) to significant blood loss
• Heart rate & strength of contraction & cardiac output • Constriction of veins, venous return and cardiac output • Peripheral resistance • The production of adrenaline
Define the term antigen?
A substance that is recognised as foreign by the immune system and generates an immune response
Define the term antigen?
A substance that is recognised as foreign by the immune system and generates an immune response
Using the ABO classification name the four main blood groups and state what antigens each blood group has
Group A: A person who has RBC with A antigens Group B: A person who has RBC with B antigens Group AB: A person who has RBC with both A and B antigens Group O: A person who has RBC with no antigens
For each of the four blood groups state what antibodies would be present in the plasma
Group A: Antibody B Group B: Antibody A Group AB: Neither Antibodies A nor B Group O: Both Antibodies A and B
State the blood type for universal recipients & explain why this type can receive blood from all blood groups
People with type AB+ve blood are called “universal recipients” since they do have A, B and D antigens, and thus do not have any A, B or D antibodies in their plasma.
State the blood type that is called the universal donor and explain why this blood type can donate to all blood groups?
Universal donor must have O negative blood. Since they do not have A, B or D antigens, and so do have A, B antibodies. There will be no acute haemolytic reaction as there are no A, B or D antigens on the donated RBC.
Explain the difference between blood typing & cross-matching?
• Blood Typing is identifying the blood group - Cross Matching is mixing the donor blood and recipient blood for compatibility
Explain the difference between blood typing & cross-matching?
• Blood Typing is identifying the blood group - Cross Matching is mixing the donor blood and recipient blood for compatibility
List the six different types of blood transfusion reactions?
• Acute Haemolytic • Febrile • Mild allergic • Anaphylactic • Circulatory overload • Sepsis
Describe what causes a febrile reaction?
Reaction to donor WBC, platelets and plasma proteins
Describe the clinical signs & symptoms you would observe if a person had a circulatory overload reaction?
Cough, dyspnoea, pulmonary congestion, headache, hypertension, distended neck veins
Describe the two major physiological events that occur during an acute haemolytic reaction and explain why this reaction is so severe?
• Agglutination: Obstruction of blood capillaries - Haemolysis: renal failure, heart arrhythmias
Explain what is meant by rhesus positive?
• People who present with D antigens on RBC surface are rhesus positive. People who do not have the antoigen are considered negative e.g A+ and A-