psych
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psychology
The scientific study of behaviour and the mental process
science
using systematic methods to observe human and animal behaviour and draw conclusions
behaviour
everything that we do that can be directly observed
mental process
The thoughts, feelings, and motives humans experience privately but cannot be observed directly
9 levels of analysis
Macro Meso molar molecular micro sociology social psychology psychology neuropsychology
10 things that make psychology challenging
Behaviour is hard to predict Behaviour is multiply determined psychological influences are rarely independent of one another phsycological influences are unknown people affect eachother many psychological concepts are difficult to define the brain didn’t evolve to understand itself ppl in psych experiments usually know their being studied people are different from eachother culture influences behaviour
the search for what is real
ontology
materialism (Marx)
only material things exist
idealism (hegel)
some of reality exists separately from the sensible world
epistemology
the study of knowledge and how individuals gain knowledge
belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (bottom-up theorizing)
empiricism
Belief that at least some knowledge can be known independent of the senses top-down theorizing.
rationalism
Sees theories as soft mental images involving values and beliefs while facts are hard, settled and observable
realist view
functionalism
aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics (thoughts, feelings, behaviours)Using evolutionary theory in modern psychology
psychoanalysis / psychodynamic theory
Focuses on internal psychological processes (impulses, thoughts, memories) of which we’re unaware freud
behaviourism
focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking outside the organism to rewards, punishment and behaviour delivered by or present in the environment founded by John b Watson and bf skinner
cognitivism
proposes that our thinking (cognition) effects our behaviour in powerful ways
approach of using many different methods in concert (surveys, lab experiments, real world observation)
critical multiplism
Types of psychologists - assessment, diagnosis, causes and treatment of mental disorders
clinical
Types of psychologists - work with normal people experiencing temporary or self-contained (situational) problems (e.g., marital or occupational difficulties)
counselors
Types of psychologists - assess schoolchildren’s psychological problems and develop intervention programs
school
Types of psychologists - study why and how people change overtime
developmental
naive realism
The belief that we see the world precisely as it is – seeing is believing
willingness to share our findings with others
communalism