Unit 7 module 51 and 52
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Material outputs from a system that are not useful or consumed.
waste
Refuse collected by municipalities from households, small businesses, and institutions.
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
The flow of solid waste that is recycled, incinerated, placed in a solid waste landfill, or disposed of in another way.
waste stream
what kind of toxic metals does E-waste contain? and what can this lead to?
mercury and cadmium which can leach out of landfills.
what accounts for roughly 2 percent of the waste stream.
E-waste (TV, computers, portable music players, and cell phones)
Human-dominated system in which products are manufactured, used, and eventually disposed of.
The solid waste system
Where has the total MSW generation and per capita MSW generation been increasing from 1960 through 2008 and has recently started to decrease.
United States
A popular phrase promoting the idea of diverting materials from the waste stream. Also known as the threes Rs.
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
What is the optimal way to achieve a reduction in solid waste generation?
Reducing inputs
An approach to waste management that seeks to cut waste by reducing the use of potential waste materials in the early stages of design and manufacture.
Source reduction
Can increase energy efficiency; manufacturing produces less waste and can minimize disposal processes.
Source reduction
What may source reduction also involve in besides reducing sources?
substituting toxic materials or products
Using a product or material that was intended to be discarded.
Reuse
What is not needed additionally for objects to be reused?
Energy or resources
What may energy be needed for reusing?
to prepare or transport an object for someone other than the original use
The process by which materials destined to become municipal solid waste (MSW) are collected and converted into raw material that is then used to produce new objects.
Recycling
Recycling a product into the same product.
Closed-loop recycling
Recycling one product into a different product.
Open-loop recycling
a discarded carpet can be recycled into a new carpet, although some additional energy and raw material are needed.
closed-loop recycling
a material such as a beverage container is used once and then recycled into something else, such as a fleece jacket.
open-loop recycling
Creation of organic matter (humus) by decomposition under controlled conditions to produce an organic-rich material that enhances soil structure, cation exchange capacity, and fertility.
composting
materials suitable for composting
vegetables, animal manure, yard wastes, paper fiber not destined for recycling
What elements absence in landfills causes organic material to decompose anaerobically
Oxygen
What gas is produced when organic material decomposes anaerobically?
Methane gas