C3 - Chemical Economics
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C3 - Chemical Economics What is the equation for atom economy?
(Mr of desired product ÷ sum of Mr of ALL products) x 100
C3 - Chemical Economics What is the equation for percentage yield?
(actual yield ÷ expected yield) x 100
C3 - Chemical Economics How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel?
mass of water x specific heat capacity of water x temperature change
C3 - Chemical Economics How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel per gram?
energy transferred ÷ mass of fuel burned
C3 - Chemical Economics What are the 3 allotropes of carbon?
Diamond, Graphite and Buckminsterfullerene
C3 - Chemical Economics What are the advantages of a continuous process?
Does not need to be shut down often. Can be highly automated. Can produce a high quantity at once. Consistent quality.
C3 - Chemical Economics What are the disadvantages of a continuous process?
High startup costs. Not flexible - can’t produce a range of products on the same machinery.
C3 - Chemical Economics What are the advantages of a batch process?
Small/low startup costs. Can produce a variety of products (flexible). Drugs can be complicated so it’s easier to make small batches - easier to recall if there is a problem.
C3 - Chemical Economics What are the disadvantages of a batch process?
Equipment needs cleaning out before each batch. Difficult to keep consistentcy. Very labour intensive.
C3 - Chemical Economics What are the properties of diamond?
High melting point. Rigid structure. Does NOT conduct electricity. Lustrous/shiny.
C3 - Chemical Economics What are the properties of buckminsterfullerene?
Shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls. Can be joined to form nanotubes. Used as industrial catalysts.
C3 - Chemical Economics What are the properties of graphite?
High melting point. Slippery. Conducts electricity. Lustrous/shiny.
C3 - Chemical Economics Why does diamond not conduct electricity?
Because there are no delocalised (free) electrons. All 4 carbon atoms are bonded to.
C3 - Chemical Economics Why do diamond and graphite have high melting points?
Because the strong covalent bonds take a lot of energy to break.
C3 - Chemical Economics Why can graphite conduct electricity?
Because only 3 out of the 4 carbon atoms are used in bonds, therefore it has free (delocalised) electrons.
C3 - Chemical Economics Why can fullerene be used as a catalyst?
They can be joined to form nanotubes which have a large surface area. Individual catalyst molecules can be attached to the nanotube.
C3 - Chemical Economics What can fullerenes be used for?
Administering drugs to the body for slow release, by caging the molecule and trapping it inside. Industrial catalysts.
C3 - Chemical Economics What properties do giant molecular structures have?
Usually don’t conduct electricity - except graphite. Have high melting points. Don’t dissolve in water. Strong.
C3 - Chemical Economics What is an exothermic reaction?
One which gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat, which is shown by a rise in temperature.
C3 - Chemical Economics What is an endothermic reaction?
One which takes in energy from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat which is shown by a fall in temperature.
C3 - Chemical Economics What is an example of an endothermic reaction?
Thermal decomposition because heat must be supplied to cause the compound to decompose.
C3 - Chemical Economics What is an example of an exothermic reaction?
Burning fuels, as it gives out lots of heat.
C3 - Chemical Economics What happens to bonds in an exothermic reaction?
The energy released in bond formation exceeds the amount of energy used in breaking old bonds.
C3 - Chemical Economics What happens to bonds in an endothermic reaction?
The energy required to break old bonds is greater than the energy released when new bonds are formed.