Unit 5: components of fitness

• health related fitness: * components required to meet demands of everyday life/activities * ex. body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (aerobic capacity), flexibilitym muscular endurance, strength • performance related (Skill): * components required to execute desired skills with success during a sport/activity * ex. agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time and speed

Components of performance-related fitness (agility, balance, coordination) could become health-related for certain groups such as the elderly.

• Aerobic capacity - beep test • Flexibility - sit and reach test • Muscle endurance - max sit up test • Agility - illinois agility test • Strength - hand grip dynamometer • Speed - 40 meter sprint • Body composition - body mass index • Balance - stork stand • Coordination - hand ball toss • Reaction time - ball/ruler drop test • Power - vertical jump

• Validity - reason(s) why it is/ is not valid (reasonable) for the sport example Ex. Basketball players do not sprint for 40m in a game • Reliability - Need to state what the test is a reliable test of • Strengths • Limitations

• Specific Refers to the precise nature of the research question or objective. In study design, it involves clearly defining: Purpose - what relationship are you investigating Scope - what population of people are you testing Focus - very specific variables you are measuring within the relationship you want to investigate A specific research question helps ensure that data collected is relevant and targeted. • Reliable Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of measurement or data collection methods. A test is reliable when you undertake a retest under the same conditions as the original and a similar result is obtained Improvements in performance can be identified and tracked/the effect of the manipulated variable (IV) can be clearly seen reliability in any kind of testing questions the accuracy of test results • Valid Validity refers to the extent to which a study measures what it intends to measure and the soundness of the conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. Ensuring validity is crucial to ensure that the study produces meaningful and trustworthy findings. Examples: * Testing the sprint speed of a cyclist using a running test such as a 40m sprint would not yield valid results of the cyclist’s cycling sprint speed as it employs a different mode of transport not applicable to the sport Achieving external validity would enable your experimental results to be applicable to real situations/generalized to the population as a whole/reliant upon the size of the sample Internal validity is the extent to which the results of an investigation is a function of the variables that are measured and controlled • Accurate Accuracy relates to the degree of correctness or closeness to the true value of a measurement or observation. In study design, accuracy involves using appropriate measurement tools and techniques to obtain data that reflects the phenomenon being studied. Accurate data collection methods enhance the validity of the study

• Clearly define the research question or objective • Narrow down the scope of the study to a specific population, intervention, or outcome

• Use standardized and well-established measurement tools or protocols to collect data. • Train data collectors or researchers to ensure consistency in data collection procedures. • Conduct a pilot study or pretest to identify any inconsistencies or sources of error and make necessary adjustments before the main study. • Conduct more trials per participant and/or more participants

How to improve: * Choose appropriate measurement instruments * Implement calibration procedures for instruments, ex. proper administration of surveys and questionnaires. * Follow strict data collection protocols to minimize errors and biases during data collection.

Control groups - a grouping that you do not apply the IV to ensure that changes observed are attributable solely to the intervention and not to any other factors Randomization - changing the order that a participant goes through the tests guards against ordering/learned/fatigue effects Placebos - inactive substances or conditions that should have no effect on the subject Protects against psychological impacts or the participant reacting/guessing at when they should perform a certain way Blinding - participant does not know if they are getting a placebo or not Double-blinding - participant AND researcher does not know if a group is a placebo group or not. Study Organizer would know

• Survey to determine their pre-existing health conditions • Must be performed for every participant • Improves safety • Improves validity and reliability as participants with specific health factors can be sorted or removed –> Amount of training –> Physical health –> Experience in the test

Studies are either conducted in the field or in a lab

• Studies are either conducted at submaximal or maximal effort. • Maximal refers to participants hitting a max reps / performing at max HR / max VO2 test etc. • Submaximal is anything else.