C-9 Evolution of the atmosphere

• Volcanoes gave off gases • Billions of years ago - how early atmosphere formed • Mostly Co2 nearly no oxygen • Volcanic activity also gives of nitrogen, water vapour and small mounts of methane and ammonia

• Oceans, Algae and green plants oabosrbed co2 • Water vapour condensed and formed oceans • Co2 dissolved and formed carbon precipitation that formed sediment ion sea bed • Green pants and algae absorbed and help carbon by photosynthesise. Later shelly and skeletons of plants contained carbonates from the ocean -

• When plants , plankton and marine animal die they fall to seabed and get buried by layers of sediment • Over millions of years they become compressed and form sedimentary rock, oil and gas- trapping carbon within

• Crude oil- Formed form plankton deposits • coal- sedimentary rock from plant deposits • Limestone- calcium carbonate deposits of shells and skeletons

• Green plants produced oxygen by respiration- photosynthesise • Algae evoked first- 2.7 billion • ## As oxygen built up complex life forms could evolve

80%^ nitrogen 20% oxygen - Minor amounts of other gasses carbon dioxide, noble gases, water vapour

• Act as insulting layer- needed to keep heat in • Absorb frequency of radiation • Dont absorb short wave common go, but do absorb the long wave going out • They vibrate the gasses particles and the energy is deflected back into the earth

• Deforestation - less photosynthesis • Burning fossil fuels- carbon was locked up • Agriculture- farm animals produce methane • Carting waste- decomposition leads to co2

• Varies naturally- increasing at unusual rate • Evidence has bene peer reviewed • Hard to fully understand • some concerns about bias

• Polar ice caps melting- sea levels rise- flooding and coastal erosion • Changes in rainfall patterns- change in climate in regions - may effect food growth • Frequency and severity of storms • Wildlife

• Measure of amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses released over full life cycle of something

• So many factors- sourcing - Rough calculations can be made

• Renewable energy or nuclear • Efficient processes, conserve energy and waste- less decomposition • Tax based on greenhouse gas usage- e.g cars • Cap on greenhouse gasses • Carbon capture- store it

• Lots of development needed on alternatives • Governments cornered about impact on economic growth- especially emerging • Not everyone’s in agreements- hard to make international agreements • Some don’t want to make lifestyle changes

• Hydrocarbons are oxidised and water vapour and co2 released into atmosphere • When enough oxygen complete combustion occurs

• Particulates of soot and carbon monoxide related

• Inhaled- lung and breathing issues - Reflet sunlight and it can cause global dimming

• Stop blood from carrying oxygen to body • Binds haemoglobin so less oxygen is able to be transported • Can lead to waiting, come or death • Odourless and colourless

• Released during combustion of fossil fuels that contain sulphur impurities- oxidised

• Created from reaction between nitrogen and oxygen in air caused by heat or burning e.g cars

• Mix with clouds they form dilute sulphuric acid or salute nitric acid • Falls as acid rain Kills plants, damages buildings and makes metal corrode • Breathing problem also