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electronegativity
ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond
electronegativity difference in a covalent bond
0
electronegativity difference in a polar covalent bond
0- 1.8
electronegativity difference in an ionic bond
greater than 1.8
when will a bond be non- polar?
• bonded atoms are the same - bonded atoms have the same or similar electronegativity
why is water a polar molecule?
• 2 O-H bonds each have a permanent dipole • not symmetrical • dipoles do not cancel out
why is carbon dioxide a non-polar molecule?
• 2 C=O bonds each have a permanent dipole • symmetrical molecule • dipoles cancel out
what are the 3 main categories of intermolecular forces?
• London forces • permanent dipole- dipole interactions • hydrogen bonds