DAT Booster Biology Practice Exam 2
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All of the following are true regarding protein denaturation EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. is a reversible process b. can occur using strong bases c. denaturing a protein changes its shape d. can occur using radiation e. part of the denatured proteins biological function is retained
e
a protein’s shape determines its
function
a protein’s shape determines its
loss of a protein’s configuration due to unfavorable environmental conditions, which results in the loss of the protein’s function.
Proteins can be denatured when they are removed from their
optimal temperature, pH range, or solvent. Radiation and chemical damage can also lead to denaturation.
When proteins are denatured, all structural levels are lost besides the
primary structure
proteins loss in shape ultimately leads to a loss
in function
In most cases, denaturation is irreversible, but in some cases, if the proteins are returned to their optimal environmental conditions, denaturation can be
reversed and function is regained The proteins can regain their native state when placed back in favorable environmental conditions. This process is known as renaturatio
One of the environmental conditions that cause denaturation is a pH that is either too high or too low. A strong base can create a very basic environment (high pH) which can lead to
the denaturation of a given protein.
Gastrulation describes the process by which three embryonic germ layers arise from the
primitive streak
The primitive streak is a structure formed by the
epiblast
three germ layers are listed from superficial to deep as follows:
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm.
Once these three germ layers are formed, the embryo is officially considered a
gastrula
The ectoderm will differentiate to form the
Nervous system (brain and spinal cord) integument (epidermis, hair, epithelium of the nose, mouth, and anal canal) sensory structures of the eyes, ears, and nose the adrenal medulla. Neural crest cells of the ectoderm will also form the teeth, jaws, and bones of the skull.
The mesoderm will give rise to the
musculoskeletal system the circulatory system the excretory system the gonads portions of the digestive and respiratory system the notochord the kidney the dermis of the skin the adrenal cortex.
endoderm will give rise to the
epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tract portions of the liver the pancreas the gallbladder the thyroid and parathyroid the thymus the lining of the urinary bladder.
Macromolecules result from the polymerization of
monomeric subunits ex. proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
DNA and RNA are the most common examples of nucleic acids and are responsible for
protein regulation
DNA and RNA are composed of
long strands of interconnected nucleotides.
Nucleotides are molecules consisting of a
pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
In order to polymerize, the 5’ phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3’ hydroxyl group of a separate nucleotide undergo a
condensation (glycosidic) reaction.
condensation (glycosidic) reaction.
This creates a phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides in a DNA or RNA strand.
phosphodiester bond
is what allows nucleotides to bond together in long chains.
Hydrogen bonds are bonds that occur between
hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
In DNA, each nitrogenous base will hydrogen bond with the
nitrogenous base of its complementary nucleotide. For example, adenine will hydrogen bond with thymine and guanine will hydrogen bond with cytosine. This is what creates the double strand that is seen within a DNA double helix.