Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry
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Characteristics of life:
• Order • Reproduction • Response to the Environment • Regulation • Evolutionary Adaptation • Energy Acquisition • Growth and development.
List life’s organizational Hierarchy from smallest to largest:
• Atom • Molecules • Organelles • Cells • Tissues • Organ • Organ system • Multicellular organism 9.Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biosphere
Q: What is an element?
A: An element is a substance made up of only one type of atom.
Q: What is a molecule?
A: A molecule is made up of two or more atoms bonded together. The atoms can be the same (e.g., O₂) or different (e.g., H₂O).
Q: What is a compound?
A: A compound is a molecule made up of two or more different elements bonded together (e.g., H₂O, NaCl).
Define Adaptation:
process that enables organisms to improve survival and reproduction chances in their environments
What are the two requirements for natural selection:
• genetic diversity within a population • selective pressure for heritable traits affecting fitness.
What is evolution?
is the process in which a population undergoes BIG changes over long periods of times leading to the development of a new species.
What are the 8 categories used to classify all life?
Dear King Philip Came Over For Great Soup D- Domain K- kingdom P- phylum C- class O- order F- family G- genus S- species
What is a domain and what are the 3 domains of life?
is the most inclusive category used to classify life. 1. Bacteria. 2. Archaea. 3. Eukarya
What are kingdoms of the eukarya domain and do they contain multicellular or unicellular organisms.
• Kingdom animalia- multicellular ex- humans, tigers, etc • Kindgom Plantae- multicellular animals ex- flowers, plants, etc. • kingdom fungi- mostly multicellular ex- mushrooms • Protista- uni/multicellular
What are the 3 classes of organisms based on energy acquisition?
• Producer (autotrophs)- make their own food • Consumer- (heterotroph)- eat other organisms. • Decomposers- decomposing other organisms (waste, dead)
Q: What are the main products involved in photosynthesis?
A: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and light energy are used to produce glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).
Q: What happens to the glucose produced by plants in photosynthesis?
A: The glucose is used by the plant in cellular respiration to produce ATP, which powers its cellular functions.
Q: Do animals also perform cellular respiration? If so, why?
A: Yes, animals perform cellular respiration to break down glucose into ATP, which is used to power their cellular functions (such as movement, digestion, etc.).
Q: How is energy transferred from plants to animals?
A: Energy is transferred when animals consume plants (producers) and break down the stored sugars into ATP.
Q: What is the byproduct of cellular respiration in plants and animals?
A: The byproducts are carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O), which are released into the environment.
What are the three basic theories of biology?
• Cell theory: all organisms are made up of cells, and all cells come from prexisting cells. • Hemostasis: all organisms maintain an internal stable and consistent environment • Evolution: all living organisms evolved from a single common ancestor.
define the following terms: 1. experimental design: 2. variable:
• a scientific investigation/ procedure designed to test the validity of a hypothesis/ theory. • two main types. refers to the changeable element of the experiment
What is the importance of the positive and negative control group?
they are important in validating your results and ensuring your experiment is functioning as expected.
What are the five unifying themes of biology:
• evolution. • information. • structure and function • energy/matter • interactions
what is a controlled experiment?
an experiment in which an experiment group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.
what is a placebo in the context of a clinical trial?
a treatment that doesn’t contain the substance being tested. a fake treatment that looks like an active drug but doesn’t contain any active ingredients.
what is a prospective and a retrospective study?
• prospective= a study where researchers follow participants over time to observe future outcomes. • retrospective= a study where researchers look at past data or events and analyze them to draw conclusions.