A1.2 Nucleic acids

the molecule thst provides long-term stored genetic information for all orginisima on earth

• adenine 2.thymine 3.cytosine • guenine

genetic messages or genes (messages code for amino acids- building blocks of proteins, a cells identity and function is determined by its ability to synthesis protieins )

DNA and RNA

• one phosphate group • one give-carbon monosccharide(aka pentose sugar) • one nitrogenous base

the pentose sugar of one nucelotide is covalently bonded to the nexts nucleotides photphate group

condensation reactions (reqquires lots of energy to break making the chain stable)

theres a total of 5 nitrogenous bases: RNA has: adenine uracil cytosine and guinine DNA has: adnenine thymine cytosine and gunine

-all the nucleotides found in RNA contain ribose as their pentose sugar and the nucleotides of DNA contain deoxyribose -uracil only occurs in RNA -thymine only occurs in DNA

DNA has two chains connected together by hydrogen bonds RNA is coposed of one chain

(A) and (T) (C) and (G) the two chains are upside down in comparison to eachother but parallel because theyre said to be antiparallel

• double stranded / chains • all nucleotides contain deoxyribose sugar • thymine is one of the four nutrigenous bases • act as a permanent genetic code for cell/organism

• single stranded molecule • all nucleotides contain ribose sugar • uracil is one of the four nutrigenous bases • doesnt contain a permanent genetic code, except in RNA viruses

C5H10O5

C5H10O4

this is because the carboxyl group -OH bonded to a carbonthat is called alcohol group, in ribose thers the -OH group in deoxyribose its just the H

• messanger RNA (mRNA) • transfer RNA (tRNA) • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Its synthesised from a gene mRNA leaves the nucleus and represents the genetic information necissary to make a protein

they are special genes of DNA when a specific protein is syntheisied specific amino acid must be added to the amino acid chain in a specific order. tRNA transfers the correct amino acids into a growing chain of amino acids

a special gene of DNA along with synthesised proteins, rRNA is used to create an organelle called ribosomes

single nucleotide nucleic acid. its used as a type of chemical energy the purpouse of cellular respiration is to convert energy contain in food molecules into energy of ATP. like when muscles contract ATP is used as an energy source.

triplet codons are the three-letter sequences in DNA or RNA that represent specific amino acids or serve as stop signals during protein synthesis.

for one of the 20 amino acids in DNA 64 combination types of nucelotides

50 million base pairs - 260 million base pairs