8. The Periodic Table
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How are elements arranged on the periodic table?
Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table in order of increasing atomic number, where each element has one proton more than the element preceding it
How is the periodic table arranged?
The table is arranged in vertical columns called Groups numbered 1 – 8 and in rows called Periods
Period definition
these are the horizontal rows that show the number of shells of electrons an atom has
group definition
these are the vertical columns that show how many outer electrons each atom has
Are there patterns and trends on the periodic table? Why/
Because there are patterns in the way the elements are arranged on the Periodic table, there are also patterns and trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements
Where can trends on the periodic table be found?
There are trends in properties down Groups and across a Period
What can you use the trends and patterns on the periodic table to do?
In this way the Periodic table can be used to predict how a particular element will behave
What happens to the metallic character across the periodic table?
The metallic character of the elements decreases as you move across a Period on the Periodic table, from left to right
What happens to the metallic character going down a group?
it increases as you move down a Group
Why does metallic character decrease from left to right?
This trend occurs due to atoms more readily accepting electrons to fill their valence shells rather than losing them to have the below, already full, electron shell as their outer shell
What lies between the metals and non-metals on the periodic table?
Between the metals and the nonmetals lie the elements which display some properties of both These elements are referred to as metalloids or semi-metals
What is the difference in electron arrangement for metals and non-metals?
M - 1-3 (more in periods 5 & 6) outer shell electrons N - 4-7 electrons in the outer shell
What is the difference in bonding for metals and non-metals?
M - metallic due to loss of outer shell electrons N - covalent by sharing outer shell electrons
What is the difference in electrical conductivity for metals and non-metals?
M - good conductors of electricity N - poor conductors of electricity
What is the difference in type of oxide for metals and non-metals?
M - basic (few are amphoteric) N - acidic (some are neutral)
What is the difference in reactions with acid for metals and non-metals?
M - many react with acids N - do not react with acids
What is the difference in physical characteristics for metals and non-metals?
M - malleable can be bent and shaped, high mp and bp N - flaky, brittle, low mp and bp
Electronic configuration definition
The electronic configuration is the arrangement of electrons into shells for an atom (e.g: the electronic configuration of carbon is 2, 4)
Is there a link between an element’s electronic configuration and its position on the periodic table, if so why?
There is a link between the electronic configuration of the elements and their position on the Periodic table The number of notations in the electronic configuration will show the number of shells of electrons the atom has, showing the Period The last notation shows the number of outer electrons the atom has, showing the Group number
What do elements in the same group have in common?
Elements in the same Group in the Periodic table have similar chemical properties
What electrons react during a reaction?
When atoms collide and react, it is the outermost electrons that interact
Why do elements in the same group have similar chemical properties?
The similarity in their chemical properties stems from having the same number of electrons in their outer shell
What are group I metals called and why?
The Group I metals are also called the alkali metals as they form alkaline solutions with high pH values when reacted with water
What are the group 1 metals?
Group 1 metals are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium