Exam II
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What is the vestibulo-occular reflex?
Senses rotations of the head, commands compensatory movement of eyes in opposite direction. Stabilizes image on retina during head movement.
What is motion sickness?
Disagreement between the visual and vestibular system
What is Meniere’s disease?
A disorder of the inner ear that can lead to dizzy spells (vertigo) and hearing loss.
What input contributes to food quality via the oral mucosa?
Tactile, thermal and nociceptive sensory input
What is an important factor in maintaining the acuity of taste receptor cells?
Saliva
What is anosmia?
Loss of smell and taste due to head trauma, resp. infection, age.
______ and ______ have strong and direct connections to the limbic system.
Taste and smell
True or False. The olfactory bulb is one of the structures of the limbic system.
True
What happens when a taste receptor is activated by the appropriate chemical?
Its membrane potential changes
What does a depolarizing receptor potential do?
It causes Ca2+ to enter the cytoplasm and triggers the release of NT
What are chemoreceptors?
Specialized receptors for acquiring information about the chemical environment
What forms synapses with the endings of gustatory afferent axons near the bottom of the taste bud?
Taste receptor cells
_______ channel proteins for Na+, K+ and Ca2+ are present int he plasma membrane with the _____ channel proteins located in larger numbers on the apical membrane of the taste cells.
Voltage-gated K+ gated
What communicates with the dissolved solutes on the surface of the tongue with each taste pore?
Microvilli
The perception of odors begins with?
The inhalation and transport of volatile aromas to the olfactory mucosa
Each olfactory receptor has?
A long, thin dendrite that terminates in a knob at the surface
What emerges from the knob at the surface and are covered with mucous?
Several thin cilia
Molecules that enter the nasal cavity are absorbed where?
Into the mucous layer
True or False. Olfactory receptors are neurons.
True
What neurons are the only neurons in the nervous system that are replaced regularly through light (every 4 to 8 weeks)?
Olfactory neurons
As we age, what happens to the fibers and receptors in the olfactory bulb?
They decrease
Define memory.
An organism’s ability to store, retain and subsequently recall information.
What is learning?
The process of acquiring memories/procedures
What is synaptic plasticity?
The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity.