Viruses, fungi, parasites 8.2

1/100 size of bacteria Non-living - do not use nutrients from environment or produce any waste Must enter and hijack a host cell to reproduce Human viruses include colds, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, chicken pox and herpes

Disease caused by family of viruses called rhinoviruses -Sneezing, contain thousands viral particles, can cause infection -Infects cells of nose and throat -Inflammation and extra mucus produced makes breathing difficult

-Cover mouth when sneezing coughing -Frequent hand washing -Not sharing items, drink bottles -Avoid contact with sick people -Remain quarantine when sick

-Spread same way as cold -Caused by influenza A,B,C, symptoms are more severe -Flu causes high fever and body aches -For infants and elderly, they are immunosuppressed and flu can be fatal

-Viral pathogen spread by coughing and sneezing -Days after infection, red rash develops -Vaccinated against in Australia reduced their occurrence -When unvaccinated, immunosuppressed like elderly and infants are most at risk and aboriginal populations

-Viral disease begins with a runny nose and fever -Itchy red blisters develop, if scratched can cause permanent scarring and secondary bacterial infections.

-They don’t have a cell wall -Secondary infections (bronchitis and pneumonia) can be caused by bacteria -Immunity to influenza is not effective as in bacterial and other viral infections. You can get the flu multiple times -New flu vaccines are released every year

-Viral partials are difficult to target with medication -antiviral drugs act to prevent viruses from reproducing inside a host cell -viruses not yet have antiviral drugs in circulation, like Ebola.

-Experimental line of antiviral drugs -Nano traps emulate receptors of the host cell and collect viral particles -Enzymes disrupt virus reproduction

-An organism that lives on or inside of a host organism -feed off the host organism, and may harm them in the process -Many parasites can cause disease.

-Plasmodium is a single celled Protist organism causes malaria -parasite cannot infect new hosts on its own, relies on a vector – mosquitoes

-Wear protective clothing -Wear insect repellent -Use mosquito netting -Remove free-standing water -Anti-malarial drugs, reduce the risk of contracting malaria.

-Caused by contaminated water pathogenic amoebae -When ingested, the parasite infects the host causing bloody stool, diarrhea, fever and in severe cases death -often treated with antibiotics.

-small number of fungal species are pathogenic -Reproduce by producing SPORES, they disperse into the environment, can attach to human skin and cause infection

-Skin to skin contact -Sharing towels, clothing, gym equipment -Walk on contaminated floors barefoot

-Caused by pathogenic fungi grow on skin, hair and nails -Attack living skin cells, cause inflammation and itching turns skin red -red rings called as ringworms -infections treated with fungicide

-Caused by naturally occurring in the body -Can grow out of control due to other beneficial microbes dying out, after prolonged use of antibiotics -Infections can occur at tongue, cheek, vagina, nappy rush in babies -forms itchy and uncomfortable white patches