unit 6

homogeneous mixture of 2 substances

majority component of a solution

a solution where water acts as a solvent

minority component of a mixture

small amount of solute dissolved in the solvent

large amount of solute dissolved in the solvent

a solution in which the solution is in equilibrium with the undissolved state

has less than the maximum amount of solute dissolved in the solvent

more than the maximum amount of solute is dissolved can be obtained by preparing a saturated solution at a high temperature, then cooled carefully to avoid crystallizing the excess solute

in a saturated solution, excess solute will crystallize if the solution is shaken or if a seed crystal is added to start crystallization

expression of solute : solvent in a solution and is often expressed as amount of solute per volume of solution

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

1.5 mol x = 1 L x soln 1.5 mol x / 1 L x soln 1 L x soln / 1.5 mol x ratios are just for example*

solution of a known concentration

solutions stored in concentrated forms

m1v1 = m2v2 m1: concentration of stock solution v1: volume of stock solution m2: concentration of desired solution v2: volume of desired solution

measure of energy randomization or dispersal in a system

-gases have kinetic energy due to particle motion -when barrier is removed, each gas and its kinetic energy is dispersed -the gas mixture has a greater energy dispersal than the separated components

• energy is used to break attractions between solvent particles • energy is used to break attractions between solute particles • energy is released when new attractions are formed between solvent and solute particles, energy is used as heat -when the energy released is less than the energy used, the shortfall is compensated by the increased entropy of the solution

greatest increase

moderate increase

no increase

energy needed to disrupt the crystal -very strong -lattice breaking should not occur

-ionic substances dissociate completely into ions when dissolved in water -some molecular compounds ionize when dissolved in water