States of Matter
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Define boiling:
The process in which a liquid changes to a gas. It takes place inside a liquid and occurs at a fixed temperature.
Define evaporation:
The process in which a liquid changes to a gas. It takes place at the surface of a liquid and occurs at a temperature below that of the boiling point.
What is the latent heat of fusion?
The amount of energy required to change solids to liquids at its melting point.
What is the latent heat of evaporation?
The amount of energy required to change a liquid to gas at its boiling point.
Define diffusion:
The random movement of particles in all directions to fill the available space, moving down a concentration gradient. The diffusion rate is fastest in gases and slowest in solids.
Factors affecting diffusion:
• Temperature: the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to temperature • Particle mass: lighter particles move faster than heavier particles
Example of experimental evidence of diffusion:
NH3 +HCl = ammonium chloride When NH3+ reacts with HCl, dense white fumes are produced. If one places a cotton soaked in NH3 on one side of a tube and a cotton soaked in HCl in the other side, dense white fumes will appear near the HCl-soaked cotton. This is because ammonia is lighter, so it diffuses faster.
4 points of Kinetic Particle Theory:
• all matter is made of tiny, discrete particles • the particles are in constant motion • the kinetic energy of a particle changes with temperature • the average kinetic energy of all particles is directly proportional to the absolute temperature